Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Science of Human Development

A

Seeking to understand how and why people change over time.

  • Goal of this is to help people fulfill their potential.
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2
Q

Need for Science

A
  • Developmental study is a science.
  • Human development goes into many classes of science.
  • Science is very useful when studying children; lives depend on it.
  • There are always disagreements from people in child psychology.
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3
Q

Scientific Method

A

Way to answer questions using research and data-based conclusions.

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4
Q

Five Steps of Scientific Method

A
  1. Begin with curiosity; based off THEORY.
  2. Develop the hypothesis; based off HYPOTHESIS.
  3. Test the hypothesis; conduct research for EMPIRICAL evidence.
  4. Analyze data and draw conclusions.
  5. Report the results; share all data.
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5
Q

Theory

A

A comprehensive set of ideas.

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

Specific prediction that can be tested.

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7
Q

Empirical

A

Based on observation, experience, or experiment; not theoretical.

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8
Q

Replication

A

Repeating a study, usually using different participants.

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9
Q

Nature

A

Traits, capacities, and limitations each individual inherits from parents at conception.

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10
Q

Nurture

A

Environmental influences after conception to an individual.

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11
Q

Differential Susceptibility

A

People vary in how sensitive they are to experiences. Often genetic in which affects people for better or worse.

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12
Q

Difference-Equals-Deficit Error

A

Mistaken belief a deviation from a norm is inferior to behavior.

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13
Q

Social Construction

A

Cultures, ethnic groups, and race which are created by society.

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14
Q

Culture

A

System of shared beliefs, norms, and behaviors that prescribe social behavior.

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15
Q

Race

A

Physical or outward appearance of a person.

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16
Q

Ethnic Group

A

People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who share a language, culture, and religion.

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17
Q

Socioeconomic Status

A

Person’s position in society based upon income, education, and occupation. Also known as Social Class.

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18
Q

Critical Period

A

Time when a particular type of developmental growth must happen for normal development to occur.

19
Q

Sensitive Period

A

Time when a certain development is most likely. When a child learns a language.

20
Q

Ecological-Systems Approach

A

Perspective of human development having all influences on understanding humans.

21
Q

Cohort

A

People born in the same historical age. They experience the same events, new technologies, and cultural shifts together.

22
Q

Plasticity

A

Abilities, personality, and other human characteristics can change over time.

23
Q

Dynamic-Systems Approach

A

View of human development as an ongoing, ever changing interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences. Development of one, may affect another’s development.

24
Q

Scientific Observation

A

Method of testing a hypothesis by watching and recording a child’s behavior. Usually occurs in a natural setting or laboratory.

25
Q

Experiment

A

Method to determine cause and effect. Researchers control the experiment, so it makes it easier to understand what causes things.

26
Q

Independent Variable

A

The imposed treatment or special condition to see if it affects the dependent variable.

27
Q

Dependent Variable

A

May change due to any new condition the experiment adds. Depends on the independent variable.

28
Q

Survey

A

Method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews or questionnaires.

29
Q

Case Study

A

In-depth study of a person, usually through personal interviews, discussions, and tests for background information.

30
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

Compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics.

31
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Individuals are followed over time, as their development is repeatedly assessed.

31
Q

Cross-Sequential Research

A

Researchers first study different groups of people at different ages, then are followed over the years. This research takes a long time to conduct.

32
Q

Correlation

A

Exists between two variables if one variable is more or less likely to occur when the other does. Positive, negative, or zero effect.

33
Q

Code of Ethics

A

Moral principles or guidelines that members of a profession or group are expected to follow.

34
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Watching someone perform an action activates brain cells not only in the person doing the action, but the observer too.

35
Q

Gender Differences

A

Guard against this. Males and females are more alike than different. Their difference= deficit error

36
Q

Dynamic Systems

A

Human development is ongoing and changing interaction:

  • The body and the mind
  • The individual and their environment
  • The individual and other individuals
37
Q

Ecological Model

A
  • Brought by Brofenbrenner
  • Each person affected by social interactions
  • Three levels surround individuals
38
Q

Three Levels of Ecological Model

A

Microsystem, Exosystem, and Macrosystem.

39
Q

Chronosystem

A

Cultural influences are determined by place and time.

40
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Data that is numerical, and is best to compare children in different culture. Easier to replicate and interpret.

41
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Best captures people’s lives. Allows much more detailed reporting.

42
Q

Ethics

A

Research must be conducted that does not violate individual rights.