Chapter 5: First Two Years- Biosocial Development Flashcards
Growth
- Average weight 7.5 pounds. Average length is 20 inches.
- Weight doubles in 4 months, and triples in a year.
Percentile
What the child’s rank is in development. They range from 0-100.
Failure to Thrive
Medical condition in infancy, when the baby does not gain the weight they are supposed to.
Infant’s Physical Sleep Importance
- Waste products in muscles are gone and repairs cells.
- Conserves and replenishes energy stores.
- Strengthens immune system.
Infant’s Mental Sleep Importance
- Stabilizes connections to form and store memories.
- Neural connections no longer needed are weakened.
REM (rapid eye movement) Sleep
Stage of sleep with eyes flickering behind lids, dreaming, and rapid eye waves. These are deep stages of sleep along with NREM. Increases after learning a skill.
Co-Sleeping
Where parents and infants sleep in the same room.
Bed-Sharing
When two or more people sleep in the same bed. People worry if infant will be rolled upon by parent.
Head-Sparing
Protecting and nourishing the brain. Last part of the body you want the infant to be hurt upon.
Neuron
One of billions of nerve cells, especially in the brain.
Brain Stem
Place with billions of neurons, deep in the brain. This helps with heartbeat and breathing.
Axon
Fiber extending from a neuron transmitting impulses from that neuron to the DENDRITES of other neurons. Between the central nervous system.
Dendrite
Fiber extending from a neuron and receives impulses from neurons and their axons.
Synapse
Intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.
Cortex
Outer layer of the brain. This involves thinking, feeling, and sensing.
Prefrontal Cortex
Area of cortex at the front of the brain that does planning, impulse, and control.
Neurotransmitter
Chemical that carries information from the axon to the dendrites.
Auditory Cortex
Center of the cortex and involves hearing.
Visual Cortex
Small in the back of the brain/cortex, involving vision.
Synaptic Gap
Pathway in which neurotransmitters carry information from the axon to the dendrite.
Transient Exuberance (Rapidity)
Increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant’s brain during the first two years.
Pruning (Deletion)
Process where unused connections in the brain die. This can lead to slower thinking.
Sculpting
Humans develop their brains for whatever family and culture they are born into.
Experience-Expectant Brain Functions
Brain functions that require basic experiences in order to develop normally.
Experience-Dependent Brain Functions
Brain functions that depend on variable experiences, that may or may not develop in an infant.
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Where a baby is shaken back and forth, damaging brain and rupturing of blood vessels.
Self-Righting
Inborn drive to renew a developmental deficit; to go back to sitting or standing after being tipped over.
Sensorimotor Stage
Cognition develops from senses and motor skills.
Sensation
Response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, and tongue) when it detects a stimulus.
Perception
Processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation.
Cognition
Acquiring, retaining, and using information.
Hearing
- Develops at last trimester and most advanced of newborn’s senses.
- Speech perception by 4 months after birth.
Vision
- Least mature sense at birth and focus 4-30 inches away; binocular vision at 3 months.
- Shape recognition, depth perception, and binocular vision are improved next.
Smell and Taste
- Increases from social world, and is based from cultural heritage and family.
- Sweet and salty vs. sour and bitter.
Touch and Pain
- Touch is normal in infants. Being held and soothly touched is also good for infants.
- Unsure when pain starts. Could happen in fetus, months or years after birth.
Motor Skills
Learned ability to move a part of the body.
Gross Motor Skills
Physical abilities in large body movements like walking.
Muscle Strength
As infants gain strength they are able to do more things. One example is them standing and walking.
Fine Motor Skills
Physical abilities in small body movements like drawing or spitting.
Brain Maturation
As brain develops, they are able to do more things. More leg action can result as an example.
Practice
In walking, infants may go unbalanced at times but they practice. This also comes along with caregiving.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Healthy infant stops breathing and and dies unexpectantly.
Immunization
Where the body’s immune system resists a disease.
Herd Immunity
Vaccinated child stops disease in them and protects others.
Protein-Calorie Malnutrition
Condition where an infant does not eat food where it could result in weight loss, illness, and death.
Stunting
Failure for children to grow to normal height for their age because of malnutrition.
Wasting
When infants are underweight for their age because of malnutrition.
Marasmus
Disease of protein-malnutrition during infancy, same process happens as protein-calorie malnutrition.
Kwashiorkor
Disease of malnutrition in childhood, making the child more vulnerable to other diseases.
