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Child Psychology > Chapter 5: First Two Years- Biosocial Development > Flashcards

Chapter 5: First Two Years- Biosocial Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Growth

A
  • Average weight 7.5 pounds. Average length is 20 inches.

- Weight doubles in 4 months, and triples in a year.

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2
Q

Percentile

A

What the child’s rank is in development. They range from 0-100.

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3
Q

Failure to Thrive

A

Medical condition in infancy, when the baby does not gain the weight they are supposed to.

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4
Q

Infant’s Physical Sleep Importance

A
  • Waste products in muscles are gone and repairs cells.
  • Conserves and replenishes energy stores.
  • Strengthens immune system.
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4
Q

Infant’s Mental Sleep Importance

A
  • Stabilizes connections to form and store memories.

- Neural connections no longer needed are weakened.

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5
Q

REM (rapid eye movement) Sleep

A

Stage of sleep with eyes flickering behind lids, dreaming, and rapid eye waves. These are deep stages of sleep along with NREM. Increases after learning a skill.

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6
Q

Co-Sleeping

A

Where parents and infants sleep in the same room.

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7
Q

Bed-Sharing

A

When two or more people sleep in the same bed. People worry if infant will be rolled upon by parent.

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8
Q

Head-Sparing

A

Protecting and nourishing the brain. Last part of the body you want the infant to be hurt upon.

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9
Q

Neuron

A

One of billions of nerve cells, especially in the brain.

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9
Q

Brain Stem

A

Place with billions of neurons, deep in the brain. This helps with heartbeat and breathing.

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12
Q

Axon

A

Fiber extending from a neuron transmitting impulses from that neuron to the DENDRITES of other neurons. Between the central nervous system.

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13
Q

Dendrite

A

Fiber extending from a neuron and receives impulses from neurons and their axons.

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14
Q

Synapse

A

Intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.

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15
Q

Cortex

A

Outer layer of the brain. This involves thinking, feeling, and sensing.

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16
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Area of cortex at the front of the brain that does planning, impulse, and control.

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16
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical that carries information from the axon to the dendrites.

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17
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Center of the cortex and involves hearing.

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18
Q

Visual Cortex

A

Small in the back of the brain/cortex, involving vision.

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19
Q

Synaptic Gap

A

Pathway in which neurotransmitters carry information from the axon to the dendrite.

20
Q

Transient Exuberance (Rapidity)

A

Increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant’s brain during the first two years.

21
Q

Pruning (Deletion)

A

Process where unused connections in the brain die. This can lead to slower thinking.

22
Q

Sculpting

A

Humans develop their brains for whatever family and culture they are born into.

23
Q

Experience-Expectant Brain Functions

A

Brain functions that require basic experiences in order to develop normally.

24
Q

Experience-Dependent Brain Functions

A

Brain functions that depend on variable experiences, that may or may not develop in an infant.

25
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

Where a baby is shaken back and forth, damaging brain and rupturing of blood vessels.

26
Q

Self-Righting

A

Inborn drive to renew a developmental deficit; to go back to sitting or standing after being tipped over.

27
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Cognition develops from senses and motor skills.

28
Q

Sensation

A

Response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, and tongue) when it detects a stimulus.

29
Q

Perception

A

Processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation.

30
Q

Cognition

A

Acquiring, retaining, and using information.

31
Q

Hearing

A
  • Develops at last trimester and most advanced of newborn’s senses.
  • Speech perception by 4 months after birth.
32
Q

Vision

A
  • Least mature sense at birth and focus 4-30 inches away; binocular vision at 3 months.
  • Shape recognition, depth perception, and binocular vision are improved next.
33
Q

Smell and Taste

A
  • Increases from social world, and is based from cultural heritage and family.
  • Sweet and salty vs. sour and bitter.
33
Q

Touch and Pain

A
  • Touch is normal in infants. Being held and soothly touched is also good for infants.
  • Unsure when pain starts. Could happen in fetus, months or years after birth.
34
Q

Motor Skills

A

Learned ability to move a part of the body.

35
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

Physical abilities in large body movements like walking.

37
Q

Muscle Strength

A

As infants gain strength they are able to do more things. One example is them standing and walking.

38
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

Physical abilities in small body movements like drawing or spitting.

38
Q

Brain Maturation

A

As brain develops, they are able to do more things. More leg action can result as an example.

39
Q

Practice

A

In walking, infants may go unbalanced at times but they practice. This also comes along with caregiving.

40
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

A

Healthy infant stops breathing and and dies unexpectantly.

41
Q

Immunization

A

Where the body’s immune system resists a disease.

42
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Vaccinated child stops disease in them and protects others.

43
Q

Protein-Calorie Malnutrition

A

Condition where an infant does not eat food where it could result in weight loss, illness, and death.

44
Q

Stunting

A

Failure for children to grow to normal height for their age because of malnutrition.

45
Q

Wasting

A

When infants are underweight for their age because of malnutrition.

46
Q

Marasmus

A

Disease of protein-malnutrition during infancy, same process happens as protein-calorie malnutrition.

48
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Disease of malnutrition in childhood, making the child more vulnerable to other diseases.

Child Psychology (13 decks)

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