Chapter 3: The New Genetics Flashcards
Gamete
Reproductive cell. Sperm or ovum that can produce a new individual comparing both to make a ZYGOTE.
Zygote
Single cell formed with two gametes, of the sperm and ovum.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Molecules containing the genes, which allows for production of proteins.
Chromosome
23 in each human body and contain all of the genes on them.
Gene
Small section of a chromosome. Transmission units of heredity, also allowing proteins to form in the body.
Allele
A variation of a particular GENE to distinguish their differences.
Epigenetics
Study of how genes change and form.
Genome
What species it is going to be, or that it will be a child.
Genotype
Child’s entire genetic inheritance.
Homozygous
Two genes in one pair. They are the same in every way. Most, are homozygous.
Heterozygous
Two genes in one pair. They are different in some ways.
23rd Pair
Chromosome pair determining sex in humans. The other 22 are autosomes inherited equally.
XY
23rd PAIR consisting of an X-shaped chromosome from the mother, and a Y-shaped chromosome from the father. XY zygotes become males.
XX
23rd PAIR consisting of two X-shaped chromosomes, from mother and father. XX zygotes become females.
Stem Cells
Cells resulting from early duplication. These are able to produce other cells thus becoming a complete person.
Monozygotic (MZ) Twins
Twins coming from one zygote splitting apart early in development. Triplets can also occur through this.
Dizygotic (DZ) Twins
Twins formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at the same time.
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
Techniques used to help infertile couples conceive and then have pregnancy.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Ova removed from ovary, put into a lab dish, then inserted into the uterus. This is an ART method.
Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Sperm is put into each ovum to improve odds of fertilization.
Phenotype
Characteristics of a person like appearance, personality, and intelligence.
Polygenic
A trait influenced by many genes. Almost every trait is like this.
Multifactorial
Trait affected by many factors genetically and environmentally. They make the genes resulting a phenotype that may differ from the genotype.
Human Genome Project
Effort to map the complete human genetic code. Was finished in 2001, analysis is still going.
Dominant-Recessive Pattern
Heterozygous pair of alleles interacting to make the phenotype reflect one allele more than the other.
Carrier
Genotype with a gene not expressed in the phenotype.
X-Linked
Gene carried on the X chromosome.
Copy Number Variations
Genes with repeats or deletions of base pairs.
Heritability
Statistic of what percentage of variation of traits, in a certain population, in a certain era, can be traced to genes.
Down Syndrome
Where a person has 47 chromosomes instead of 46. The child usually will have unusual face features, heart abnormalities, and language difficulties.
Fragile X Syndrome
Genetic disorder where part of the X chromosome is attached to the rest by a thin string of molecules. Cause is a single gene having more than 200 repetitions of one triplet.
Genetic Counseling
Testing by experts enabling individuals to learn about genetic heritage like harmful conditions that might pass to their children.
