Chapter 8 - defending ourselves against disease

Question 1

Bacteria and viruses

Answer 1

Reproduce rapidly and produce toxins which make you feel ill.

Question 2

Viruses also

Answer 2

Are much smaller than bacteria and reproduce inside cells which makes you ill. Hard to kill as treatment could damage body cells.

Question 3

Hygiene

Answer 3

Washing hands prevents spread of infectious diseases. No on used to know about bacteria and viruses so disease spread more easily.

Question 4

Pathogens

Answer 4

Tiny microorganisms that cause infectious diseases - usually bacteria or viruses

Question 5

Pathogens are transmitted by

Answer 5

Droplet infection or direct contact (when cough or sneeze pathogens are sprayed into air in drops of water

Question 6

What prevents pathogens

Answer 6

Skin prevents them from getting into body (barrier) and are trapped by mucus and killed by stomach acid.

Question 7

White blood cells defend the body by:

Answer 7

Ingesting pathogens to destroy them, producing antibodies to destroy particular pathogens and producing antitoxins to counteract the toxins produced by pathogens.

Question 8

Vaccines

Answer 8

Dead or inactive form of a pathogen.

Question 9

Immunity

Answer 9

White blood cells produce antibodies which prevents further infection as the body responds quickly and recognises the antigen on the pathogen.

Question 10

MMR

Answer 10

Vaccine prevents measles, mumps and rubella.

Question 11

Herd immunity

Answer 11

Most people in a society should be vaccinated to protect the population from very serious diseases.

Question 12

Antibiotics

Answer 12

Kill infective bacteria in the body.

Question 13

Painkillers

Answer 13

Relieve the symptoms of a disease but do not kill the pathogen. Our immune systems usually overcome the viral pathogens.

Question 14

MRSA

Answer 14

Bacterium that has evolved through natural selection and is resistant to the common antibiotics.

Question 15

How anti biotic resistant bacteria is harmful

Answer 15

Antibiotics kill pathogens of the non resistant strain and the resistant bacteria survive and reproduce and a whole population develops. This is why antibiotics should not be used for mild infections.

Question 16

Growing cultures:

Answer 16

Culture medium containing minerals and carbs as an energy source ( agar jelly) and provide warmth and oxygen 25 degrees in schools and 35 in industry.

Question 17

Purify culture by

Answer 17

Pass metal loop through flame and boil solutions and agar, use sterilised loop to transfer culture to inoculate agar and prevent microorganisms from the air getting in or leaving the Petri dish in case of mutations. Tape partly to allow some oxygen in to prevent growth of harmful anaerobic bacteria.

Question 18

Pathogens are transmitted by

Answer 18

Droplet infection or direct contact (when cough or sneeze pathogens are sprayed into air in drops of water

Question 19

What prevents pathogens

Answer 19

Skin prevents them from getting into body (barrier) and are trapped by mucus and killed by stomach acid.

Question 20

White blood cells defend the body by:

Answer 20

Ingesting pathogens to destroy them, producing antibodies to destroy particular pathogens and producing antitoxins to counteract the toxins produced by pathogens.

Question 21

Vaccines

Answer 21

Dead or inactive form of a pathogen.

Question 22

Immunity

Answer 22

White blood cells produce antibodies which prevents further infection as the body responds quickly and recognises the antigen on the pathogen.

Question 23

MMR

Answer 23

Vaccine prevents measles, mumps and rubella.

Question 24

Herd immunity

Answer 24

Most people in a society should be vaccinated to protect the population from very serious diseases.

Question 25

Antibiotics

Answer 25

Kill infective bacteria in the body.

Question 26

Painkillers

Answer 26

Relieve the symptoms of a disease but do not kill the pathogen. Our immune systems usually overcome the viral pathogens.

Question 27

MRSA

Answer 27

Bacterium that has evolved through natural selection and is resistant to the common antibiotics.

Question 28

How anti biotic resistant bacteria is harmful

Answer 28

Antibiotics kill pathogens of the non resistant strain and the resistant bacteria survive and reproduce and a whole population develops. This is why antibiotics should not be used for mild infections.

Question 29

Growing cultures:

Answer 29

Culture medium containing minerals and carbs as an energy source ( agar jelly) and provide warmth and oxygen 25 degrees in schools and 35 in industry.

Question 30

Purify culture by

Answer 30

Pass metal loop through flame and boil solutions and agar, use sterilised loop to transfer culture to inoculate agar and prevent microorganisms from the air getting in or leaving the Petri dish in case of mutations. Tape partly to allow some oxygen in to prevent growth of harmful anaerobic bacteria.