Chapter 8 Flashcards
Annuals
Complete life cycle is completed in a single season
Biennials
Take two growing seasons to complete the cycle
Perennials
May take several to many growing seasons to go from a germinated seed to a plant producing new seeds.
Peduncle
Specialized branch at the tip of a stalk
Pedicels
Branchlets if smaller stalks coming from peduncle
Receptacle
Swelling of a peduncle or pedicel into a small pad
Sepal
Leaflike features about the receptacle
Calyx
Collective referral of the sepals
Petals
Attract pollinators.
Petals are collectively referred to as
The corolla
Collective term of calyx and corolla
Perianth
Bracts
Specialized leaves that are colorful and attract pollinators
Stamen
Male reproductive part
Pistil
Female reproductive part
each stamen consists of
A slender filament with a sac called an anther at the top
Pollen grains are found in
The anther
The pistil consists of
Stigma- sticky tip
Style- tube connecting stigma to ovary
Ovary- swollen base which later turns to fruit.
Carpels
Ovule bearing leaves
Superior ovary
Occurs when the calyx and corolla are attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary
Inferior ovary
Occurs when the receptacle grows up around the ovary.
Ovules
Eventually become a seed.
Inflorescences
Groups of several to hundreds of flowers that may all open at the same time.
Fruit
Any ovary and it’s accessory parts that has developed and matured
The skin forms the
Exocarp
The inner boundary around the seed(s) forms the
Endocarp
Mesocarp
Fleshy tissue between the exocarp and endocarp
Pericarp
The exocarp, endocarp, and mesocarp combined
Simple fleshy fruits
Develop from a flower with a single pistil
Drupe
A simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony pit
Berries
Develop from a compound ovary and commonly contain more than one seed
True berry
A fruit with a thin skin and a pericarp that is relatively soft at maturity
Pepos
Berries with relatively thick rinds
Hesperidium
Berry with leathery skin containing oils
Pomes
Simple fleshy fruits, the bulk of whose flesh comes from the enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary
Dehiscent fruits
Dry fruits that spilt at maturity
Follicle
Dehiscent- splits along one side or seam.
Legume
Dehiscent- splits along two sides or seams
Siliques
Dehiscent- splits along alone two sides or seams, but the seeds are borne on a central position. (Broccoli, cabbage)
Capsules
Consist of at least 2 carpels and split a variety of ways.
Indehiscent fruits
Dry fruits that do not split at maturity
Achene
Only the base of the single seed is attached to the pericarp
Ex: sunflower seeds
Nuts
One seeded fruits similar to achenes, but larger and the pericarp is harder.
Grain
The pericarp is united with the grain and cannot be separated.
Ex: corn, wheat
Samaras
The pericarp surrounding the seed extends out in the form of a wing or membrane, which aids in dispersal
Aggregate fruit
Derived from a single flower with several to many pistils
Multiple fruits
Derived from several to many flowers in a single inflorescence
Dispersal
Wind
Animals
Water
Humans
Plumule
Embryonic shoot of a seed
Epicotyl
Short part of stem above cotyledons
Hypocotyl
The stem below the attachment point of cotyledons
Radicle
The tip that will develop into a root
Coleoptile/coleorhiza
Tubular sheathing structures that enclose the plumule and radicle
After ripening
The seeds will not germinate after the fruit has dropped until the embryo has developed fully with the aid of food materials stored in its endosperm
