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General Botany > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

Genetics and Molecular biology

1
Q

transposition

A

movement of a piece of chromosome to another chromosomal location

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2
Q

transposable genetic element

A

a “jumping gene” , DNA fragment that can move to a new location on the same chromosome or even to another chromosome

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3
Q

Molecular genetics

A

studies the function and structure of genes at a molecular level

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4
Q

Chromosomes are composed of two types of large molecules:

A

DNA and protein

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5
Q

a DNA molecule is made of a chain of ___________

A

nucleotides

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6
Q

each nucleotide consists of 3 parts

A
  1. a nitrogen containing compound called a BASE
  2. a 5-carbon sugar called DEOXYRIBOSE
  3. a phosphate group
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7
Q

four types of nucleotides occur in DNA

A
  1. Adenine (A)
  2. Guanine (G)
  3. Cytosine (C)
  4. Thymine (T)
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8
Q

Name the purines

A

Adenine (A), and Guanine (G)

Girls Are PURe

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9
Q

name the pyrimidines

A

Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)

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10
Q

what are the pairs of bases in DNA?

A

Guanine and Cytosine G=C

Adenine and Thymine A=T

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11
Q

The DNA in a cell must perform 4 major tasks

A
  1. store genetic information
  2. copy that information for future generations of cells
  3. express that information
  4. occasionally change its message, or MUTATE
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12
Q

Most DNA in plants resides in the _______

A

nucleus

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13
Q

About ______ mutations occur with each cell division

A

4,000

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14
Q

During transcription

A

a copy of the gene message is made using RNA building blocks

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15
Q

During transcription, Thymine is replaced by

A

Uracil

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16
Q

When transcription is complete,

A

RNA travels to the cytoplasm, where translation occurs

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17
Q

during translation,

A

the RNA message provides the information necessary to construct proteins

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18
Q

three different types of RNA are made by

A

transcription

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19
Q

the three types of RNA made by transcription and their functions

A 
messenger RNA (mRNA): translated to produce proteins
transfer RNA (tRNA): machinery used to translate mRNA
ribosomal RNA (rRNA): machinery used to translate mRNA
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20
Q

RNA polymerase

A

responsible for assembling the RNA strand

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21
Q

In most eukaryotes, less than 10% of the DNA in the genome contains genes, the rest is …….

A

noncoding DNA

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22
Q

At the beginning of every gene, a DNA sequence called a ________ ______ acts as a signal flag

A

promoter region

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23
Q

what does the promoter region act as?

A

it acts as a signal flag to indicate to the machinery scanning the DNA that a gene is ahead

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24
Q

A __________ DNA sequence at the end of each gene ___________

A

terminator, signals the transcription enzymes to fall off the DNA molecule

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25
Q

A transcript is a

A

single stranded RNA molecule

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26
Q

anticodon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides that recognizes a codon on mRNA and base pairs with it

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27
Q

Ribosomes

A

act as workbenches during protein synthesis

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28
Q

mutation

A

changes in a DNA sequence

29
Q

mutagens

A

can alter DNA sequences

30
Q

mutations are either _______ or ________

A

somatic or germ-line

31
Q

somatic mutation

A

occurs in a body cell and will exist in all cells produced by mitosis of the mutant cell

32
Q

somatic mutations may show up as a _____

A

sport, or a branch that looks different from the others on a plant

33
Q

Germ line mutation

A

occurs in tissue that will produce gametes, or sex cells

34
Q

unlike somatic mutations, germ line mutations will be passed on to future generations through _____

A

seeds

35
Q

Cytogenetics

A

the study of chromosome behavior and structure from a genetic point of view

36
Q

inversion

A

results when a piece of chromosome is broken and reinserted in the opposite orientation

37
Q

translocation

A

occurs when a piece of a chromosome breaks off and becomes attached to another one

38
Q

speciation

A

formation of a new species

39
Q

polyploid

A

a plant that has at least one set of chromosomes

40
Q

Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied

A

pea plants

41
Q

parental generation

A

original plants in making the crosses

42
Q

filial generation

A

the parental generation’s first offspring

43
Q

offspring of the filial generation are called

A

second filial generation

44
Q

law of unit characters

A

factors, which always occur in pairs, control the inheritance of traits

45
Q

alleles

A

paired factors of genes

46
Q

locus

A

genes are always at the same position (LOCUS) on a chromosome

47
Q

Law of dominance

A

for any given pair of alleles, one may mask the expression of the other

48
Q

the expressed allele is referred to as

A

dominant

49
Q

the allele that is masked, or not expressed is

A

recessive

50
Q

phenotype

A

refers to the physical appearance of the organism

51
Q

genotype

A

refers to the genetic information responsible for contributing to that phenotype

52
Q

Homozygous

A

both alleles of a pair are identical

Ex: GG

53
Q

Heterozygous

A

the pair is composed of contrasting alleles

Ex: Gg

54
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

a cross is made between two true-breeding parents differing for that trait, producing an F1 generation, then, these F1 plants are intercrossed to produce an F2 generation

55
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

crossing the F2 generation with itself

56
Q

the law of independent assortment

A

the factors (genes) controlling two or more traits segregate independently of each other

57
Q

genes that do not segregate independently are said to be

A

linked

58
Q

Punnett Square

A

a diagram used to determine the genotypes of zygotes

59
Q

backcross

A

a cross between a hybrid and one of its parents

60
Q

testcross

A

cross between a plant with the dominant phenotype and a homozygous recessive plant

61
Q

incomplete dominance

A

absence of dominance, Ex: pink snapdragons

62
Q

Quantitative traits

A

exhibit a range of phenotypes, Ex: fruit yield

63
Q

quantitative trait loci

A

Chromosomal fragments that contain genes that influence the the trait and behave like Mendelian genes

64
Q

extranuclear DNA is found in

A

both mitochondria and chloroplasts

65
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts were free living bacteria at some time in their evolutionary history

66
Q

maternal inheritance

A

extra nuclear genes are typically passed on by the female parent

67
Q

map unit

A

equals 1% crossing over between a pair of genes

68
Q

Hardy Weinberg Law

A

states that the proportions of dominant alleles to recessive ones in a large, random mating population will remain the same from generation to generation unless there are forces that change those proportions.

General Botany (18 decks)

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