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General Botany > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

Stems

1
Q

Grafting

A

Artificially uniting stems or parts of stems

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2
Q

Indeterminate Growth

A

Plants can grow indefinitely

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3
Q

A woody twig consists of

A

an axis with attached leaves

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4
Q

Alternately arranged

A

Occurs when the leaves are attached to the twig alternately or in a spiral.

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5
Q

Opposite arrangement

A

If the leaves are arranged in pairs

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6
Q

Whorled

A

Groups of 3 or more leaves

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7
Q

Node

A

The area or region of a stem where a leaf or leaves are attached

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8
Q

Internode

A

Stem region between nodes

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9
Q

Blade

A

Flattened part of leaf

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10
Q

Petiole

A

A flexible stalk made of collenchyma cells that attaches leaf to stalk

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11
Q

Each angle between a petiole and the stem contains a

A

bud

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12
Q

The angle is called an

A

axil

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13
Q

Axillary Bud

A

the bud located in the axil

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14
Q

Angiosperms

A

flowering plants

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15
Q

Axillary buds may become

A

branches

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16
Q

or, axillary buds may develop into

A

the next season’s flowers

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17
Q

Most buds are protected by

A

bud scales

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18
Q

Where is the terminal bud often located?

A

At the tip of each twig

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19
Q

Terminal buds do not become

A

separate branches

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20
Q

Meristems within the terminal bud

A

Produce tissues that make the twig grow longer during the growing season

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21
Q

Bud scale scars

A

left behind when the scales fall off of a terminal bud

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22
Q

What can you determine by counting the bud scale scars?

A

Age of twig

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23
Q

Stipules

A

Paired, often leaflike appendages that remain throughout the life of the leaf.

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24
Q

Stipule Scars

A

are left behind if the stipules fall off of a twig.

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25
Q

Deciduous trees and shrubs

A

lose their foliage annually

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26
Q

Deciduous plants’ axillary buds

A

often remain dormant with leaf scars below them after the leaves fall

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27
Q

Bundle scars

A

mark the location of xylem and phloem, usually visible within leaf scar

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28
Q

Apical Meristem

A

Tissue in which cells actively divide, found in the tip of each stem.

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29
Q

Primordia/Primordium

A

Embryonic leaves that will develop into mature leaves after the bud scales drop off and growth begins

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30
Q

Protoderm

A

gives rise to the epidermis, outermost of the three meristems developed from mitosis in the apical meristem

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31
Q

Epidermis

A

typically one cell thick, usually becomes coated with a thin, waxy, protective layer called the cuticle.

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32
Q

Procambium

A

Interior to the protoderm, Produces water conducting primary xylem and primary phloem cells that have several functions, including transportation of food.

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33
Q

Ground Meristem

A

Produces two tissues composed of parenchyma cells

34
Q

Pith

A

Made up of the parenchyma tissue in the middle of the stem

35
Q

Cortex

A

Closer to the outside of the cell, eventually forms bark as it is pushed out

36
Q

Both the pith and the cortex function in

A

storing food, or if chloroplasts are present, manufacturing it.

37
Q

Primary tissues

A

Epidermis, primary xylem, primary phloem, pith and cortex

38
Q

As primary tissues are produced

A

the leaf primordia and bud primordia develop into mature leaves and buds

39
Q

Trace

A

A strand of xylem and phloem branches off from the vascular tissues cylinder, extending up or down the stem and entering the leaf or bud

40
Q

Each trace leaves a little thumbnail shaped gap in the cylinder of vascular tissue called

A

leaf gaps and bud gaps, both are filled with parenchyma tissue

41
Q

Vascular Cambium/Cambium

A

Cells in this area divide indefinitely.\

42
Q

The secondary tissues of the vascular cambium add to

A

girth

43
Q

Cells produced by the vascular cambium become

A

tracheids, vessel elements, fibers, or other components of secondary xylem

44
Q

Functions of the secondary tissues

A

Same as those of their primary counterparts, conduct food and water

45
Q

Cork Cambium/Phellogen

A

produces box like cork cells

46
Q

Cork cells become impregnated with

A

Suberin

47
Q

Suberin is a

A

waxy substance that makes cells impervious to moisture

48
Q

the cork cells are produced

A

annually in cylindrical layers, die shortly after formed.

49
Q

Phelloderm cells

A

Produced towards the inside of the cork cambium, parenchyma like cells.

50
Q

As woody stems age,

A

LENTICELS are formed underneath the stomata

51
Q

Stele

A

made up of primary xylem, primary phloem, and the pith

52
Q

Protostele

A

simplest form of stele, consists of a solid core of conducting tissues in which the phloem usually surrounds the xylem

53
Q

siphonosteles

A

tubular with pith in the center, common in ferns

54
Q

Eusteles

A

found mainly in present day flowering plants and conifers.

55
Q

Cotyledons

A

Seed leaves

56
Q

Dicotyledons

A

two cotyledons

57
Q

Monocots

A

Single cotyledon

58
Q

Annuals

A

die after one growing season, generally have green herbaceous stems

59
Q

Vascular bundles

A

comprised of patches of xylem and phloem

60
Q

Heartwood

A

Older, darker wood at the center of tree

61
Q

Sapwood

A

Lighter, still functioning xylem closest to the cambium

62
Q

Bark

A

All tissues outside of the cambium, including the phloem

63
Q

Laticifers

A

specialized ducts or cells found in about 20 families of herbaceous and woody flowering plants

64
Q

What do laticifers do?

A

form extensive branched networks of latex secreting cells originating from rows of meristematic cells

65
Q

Dicot stem cross section

A

more like a pie, big vascular bundles evenly spaced, identical cuts.

66
Q

Monocot stem cross section

A

Chocolate chip cookie, spaced out small vascular bundles surrounded by water storing parenchyma cells.

67
Q

Rhizomes

A

Horizontal stems that grow below ground, often near the surface of the soil

68
Q

Runners

A

horizontal stems that differ from rhizomes because they grow above ground, generally at the surface. They have long internodes

69
Q

Stolons

A

similar to runners but produce beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions, usually not horizontally.

70
Q

tubers

A

internodes at the tips of stolons that swell from the accumulation of food.

71
Q

Bulbs

A

large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves with a small stem at the lower end. stores food

72
Q

Corms

A

Similar to bulbs but have a papery outside, Gladiolus and crocus are examples

73
Q

Cladophylls

A

flattened and appear leaf like.

Cacti

74
Q

Thorns

A

an example of a modified stem

75
Q

Tendrils

A

Climbing parts of the stem that use anything they can touch to their advantage

76
Q

Density of wood

A

weight per unit of volume

77
Q

Durability

A

the ability to withstand elements and decay

78
Q

Knots

A

the bases of lost branches that have become covered over time.

79
Q

Adaxial

A

Upset surface of leaf

80
Q

Abaxial

A

Bottom surface of leaf.

aBaxial-Bottom

General Botany (18 decks)

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