Chapter 17

Question 1

filaments

Answer 1

threads

Question 2

motile

Answer 2

capable of independent movement

Question 3

flagella

Answer 3

whip-like tails that often occur in pairs

Question 4

Genetic recombination is often facilitated by

Answer 4

pilli, or minute tubes

Question 5

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 5

• Have a nuclear envelope
• Have 2 to hundreds of chromosomes per cell; DNA is double stranded
• have membrane bound organelles
• Have 80S ribosomes
• Have asexual reproduction by mitosis
• Have sexual reproduction by fusion

Question 6

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 6

• Lack a nuclear envelope
• Have a single, closed loop of double stranded DNA plus (usually) several to 40 plasmids
• Lack membrane bound organelles
• Have 70S ribosomes
• Have asexual reproduction by fission
• Sexual reproduction unknown

Question 7

conjugation

Answer 7

a plasmid and/or part of the DNA strand is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell usually through a tiny, hollow tubelike pilus.

Question 8

transformation

Answer 8

a living cell acquires fragments of DNA released by dead cells into the medium in which It occurs and incorporates them into its own cell

Question 9

transduction

Answer 9

fragments of DNA are carried from one cell to another by viruses

Question 10

Cocci (singular: coccus)

Answer 10

spherical (sometimes elliptical) shaped bacteria

Question 11

Bacilli (singular: bacillus)

Answer 11

rod shaped or cylindrical

Question 12

spirilla (singular: spirillum)

Answer 12

helix or spiral shaped

Question 13

gram positive

Answer 13

purple

Question 14

gram negative

Answer 14

pink

Question 15

heterotrophic

Answer 15

organisms that cannot synthesize their own food and therefore depend on other organisms for it

Question 16

autotrophic

Answer 16

capable of synthesizing organic compounds from simple inorganic substances

Question 17

chemoautotrophic

Answer 17

capable of obtaining the energy they require from various compounds or elements through chemical reactions

Question 18

compost

Answer 18

a dark fluffy material that enriches soil. Is made of organic decomposing substances

Question 19

Modes of access of disease bacteria

Answer 19

• air
• contamination of food or drink
• direct contact
• wounds
• insect bites and other organisms

Question 20

Koch’s Postulates (definition)

Answer 20

rules for proving that a particular organism is the cause for a particular disease

Question 21

Koch’s Postulates (4 parts)

Answer 21

1. the microorganism must be present in all cases of the disease
2. the microorganism must be isolated from the victim in pure culture
3. When the microorganism from the pure culture is injected into a susceptible host organism, it must produce the disease in the host
4. the microorganism must be isolated from the experimentally infected host and grown in pure culture for comparison with that of the original culture

Question 22

bioremediation

Answer 22

the study of the use of living organisms in the cleanup of toxic wastes and pollution