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General Botany > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

Growth and Development

1
Q

definition of Growth

A

an irreversible increase in mass due to the division and enlargement of cells

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2
Q

Differentiation

A

the cells develop different forms adapted to specific functions, such as conduction, support or secretion.

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3
Q

development

A

the coordination of growth and differentiation into a single cell into multicellular tissues and organs

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4
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that catalyze every metabolic step within cells

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5
Q

Nutrients

A

furnish the elements and energy for plant growth and maintenance

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6
Q

vitamins play an important role in reactions _________ __ _______

A

catalyzed by enzymes

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7
Q

Most vitamins are _________

A

coenzymes, or parts of enzymes

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8
Q

what are coenzymes?

A

organic molecules that participate in catalyzed reactions

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9
Q

Carotene pigments in chloroplasts act as __________

A

precursors

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10
Q

what is a precursor?

A

simple molecules that produce new molecules after reacting with other molecules

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11
Q

Hormones

A

organic substances that differ from enzymes in structure.

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12
Q

signal transduction pathway

A

A signaling molecule is activated by an outside stimuli, which begins a chain reaction. the end result is the plant’s response to the stimuli

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13
Q

Major plant hormones (5)

A
  1. Auxins
  2. Gibberellins
  3. cytokinins
  4. abscisic acid
  5. ethylene
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14
Q

growth promoting hormones

A
  1. auxin
  2. gibberellin
  3. cytokinin
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15
Q

growth inhibiting hormones

A
  1. abscisic acid

2. ethylene

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16
Q

coleoptile

A

tubular sheaths that protected the shoots of grass seedlings

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17
Q

agar

A

a substance obtained from marine algae

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18
Q

Auxin came from the greek word ______, which means __ ________

A

Auxein, to increase

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19
Q

Auxin production occurs mainly in

A

apical meristems, buds, young leaves, and other active young parts of the plant

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20
Q

Bioassays

A

relate the response of a sensitive plant part to the amount of hormone applied to the part

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21
Q

auxins promote

A

cell enlargement and stem growth, cell division in the cambium, initiation of roots and differentiation of cell types.

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22
Q

auxins inhibit

A

fruit and leaf abscission, as well as fruit ripening, lateral branching

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23
Q

When auxins inhibit lateral branching, this leads to

A

A taller plant with fewer buds, AKA APICAL DOMINANCE

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24
Q

Gibberellin was found in the form of a ______ on ____ in _____

A

Gibberellin was found in the form of a FUNGUS on RICE in JAPAN

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25
Q

there are well over 100 gibberellins, which are abbreviated to

A

GA

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26
Q

growth retardants

A

inhibit or block GA

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27
Q

What is coconut milk?

A

a liquid endosperm

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28
Q

Cytokinins are

A

various stimulants to cell division

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29
Q

cytokinins are synthesized in

A

root tips and germinating seeds

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30
Q

if auxin is present during the cell cycle, cytokinins _____…..

A

promote cell division by speeding up the progression from the G2 phase to the mitosis phase, but no such effect takes place in the absence of auxin

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31
Q

cytokinins also play a role in

A

enlarging of cells,
differentiation of tissues,
the development of chloroplasts,
the stimulation of cotyledon growth
and the delay of aging in leaves, as well as
many of the growth phenomena that are brough about in auxins and gibberellines

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32
Q

abscisic acid is abbreviated

A

ABA

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33
Q

ABA is synthesized in

A

plastids, apparently from carotenoid pigments

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34
Q

ABA is particularly common in ______ ______, where it…….

A

ABA is particularly common in fleshy fruits, where it prevents seeds from germinating while they are still on the plant

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35
Q

Thigmomorphogenesis

A

responses that are controlled by touch

36
Q

Calmodulin

A

constitutes up to 2% of a plasma membrane and is activated when it binds to calcium

37
Q

Fruits that respond to ethylene usually have a major increase in ___________ before ripening occurs

A

respiration

38
Q

The accompanying major increase in respiration is called

A

climacteric

39
Q

fruits that exhibit the respiration phenomena in response to ethylene are called

A

climacteric fruits

40
Q

oligosaccharins

A

released from cell walls by enzymes, influence cell differentiation, reproduction, and growth in plants

41
Q

Senescence

A

the breakdown of cell components and membranes that eventually leads to the death of a cell

42
Q

nutations

A

movements resulting primarily from internal stimuli

43
Q

Nodding movements

A

seen in the legume family. A crook is formed in the hypocotyl, which exhibits a slow nodding movement as the seedling pushes through the soil

44
Q

twining movements

A

occur when cells in the stems of climbing plants elongate to differing extents, and a shrinking of cells on the other side, causing a visible spiral effect

45
Q

contraction movements

A

seen in roots that pull plant deeper into soil

46
Q

nastic movements

A

non directional movements

47
Q

tropisms

A

movements that are permanent resulting from external stimuli

48
Q

Tropisms can be divided into 3 phases

A
  1. In the initial PERCEPTION PHASE, the organ receives a greater stimuli on one side
  2. Then, TRANSDUCTION occurs, during which one or more hormones become unevenly distributed across the organ
  3. Finally, ASSYMETRIC GROWTH occurs as a result of greater cell elongation on one side
49
Q

Positive phototropism

A

plant bends toward light

50
Q

negative phototropism

A

plant bends away from light

51
Q

the shoots exhibit ________ phototropism, while the roots are either insensitive to light or ________ phototropic

A

Positive phototropism=shoots

negatively phototropic=roots

52
Q

Gravitropisms

A

growth responses to the stimulus of gravity

53
Q

the primary roots of plants are __________ gravitropic while the shoots of plants are __________ gravitropic

A

roots: positively gravitropic
shoots: negatively gravitropic

54
Q

What does a clinostat do?

A

uses a motor and wheel to rotate a potted plant slowly about a horizontal axis

55
Q

statoliths

A

gravity sensors

56
Q

thigmotropism

A

a plant or plant part’s response to contact with a solid object
Ex: squash vines wrapping on strings

57
Q

hydrotropism

A

movement in response to water

58
Q

chemotropism

A

movement in response to chemicals

59
Q

thermotropism

A

movement in response to temperature

60
Q

traumotropism

A

movement in response to wounding/trauma

61
Q

electrotropism

A

movement in response to electricity

62
Q

skototropism

A

movement in response to darkness

63
Q

aerotropism

A

movement in response to oxygen

64
Q

geomagnetotropism

A

movement in response to magnetic forces

65
Q

turgor movements result from

A

changes in internal water pressure and are often, but not always, initiated by contact with objects outside of the plant

66
Q

The cells concerned with turgor movement

A

may be located in parenchyma tissue of the cortex or PULVINI, special swellings located at the bases of leaves or leaflets

67
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

folding and unfolding of leaves which takes place during normal day cycles
Ex: Prayer Plant

68
Q

Solar tracking

A

leaves often twist on their petioles and orient themselves perpendicular to a light source

69
Q

Some scientists have referred to solar tracking movements as ____________

A

heliotropism

70
Q

Water conservation movements

A

Bulliform cells in leaves lose their turgor in times of drought and roll up on themselves

71
Q

Taxis

A

a type of movement using flagella or cilia that moves a plant toward or away from stimuli

72
Q

flagella

A

whiplike appendages

73
Q

cilia

A

short, whiplike appendages

74
Q

An example of a chemotaxic response is

A

sperm swimming toward a chemical being released from the spot where fertilization can occur

75
Q

photoperiodism

A

length of night is related to onset of flowering

76
Q

short day plants

A

plants that will not flower unless the day length is shorter than the critical length

77
Q

long day plants

A

plants that will not flower unless periods of light are longer than the critical length

78
Q

intermediate day plants

A

will not flower if the days are too short or too long

79
Q

day neutral plants

A

will flower under any amount as light as long as they receive the minimum amount they need

80
Q

phytochrome

A

a light sensitive pigment that can affect the ability for a plant to flower

81
Q

Phytochrome appears in two forms

A

Pred and Pfarred

82
Q

etiolated oat seedlings are….

A

spindly and pale from having been grown in the dark

83
Q

cryptochromes

A

respond to blue light

84
Q

thermoperiodism

A

a plant’s growth is effected by temperature

85
Q

dormancy

A

a period of growth inactivity

86
Q

Quiescence

A

a seed cannot germinate unless environmental conditions normally required for growth are present

General Botany (18 decks)

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