Chapter 21 Flashcards
fern allies
relatives of ferns
four phyla of seedless vascular plants
- Phylum Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
- Phylum Lycophyta (club mosses and quillworts)
- Phylum Equisetophyta (horsetails and scouring rushes)
- Phylum polypodiophyta (ferns)
Phylum Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
Features unique to members of this phylum of vascular plants include sporophytes that have neither true leaves nor roots, and stems and rhizomes that fork evenly
Phylum Lycophyta (club mosses and quillworts)
The stems of these plants are covered with microphylls, most microphylls are photosynthetic
Microphylls
leaves with a single vein whose trace is not associated with a leaf gap
Phylum Equisetophyta (horsetails and scouring rushes
the sporophyte of these plants have ribbed stems containing silica deposits and whorled scale like microphylls that lack chlorophyll
Phylum Polypodiophyta (ferns)
The sporophytes of ferns have megaphylls, that are often large and much divided
megaphylls
Leaves with more than one vein and a leaf trace that is associated with a leaf gap
Enations
tiny, green, superficially leaflike, veinless, photosynthetic flaps of tissue, are spirally arranged along the stems of whisk ferns
Photosynthesis takes place in the outer cells of the stem called the
epidermis and cortex
a central cylinder of ______ is surrounded by ______
xylem surrounded by phloem
the _____ is ____ shaped in a cross section
xylem is star shaped
rhizoids act as ____ _____
root hairs
Rhizoids and mycorrhizal fungi are
scattered along the surfaces of rhizomes
On the whisk fern, small _________ are fused together in ______
sporangia are fused together in threes. they are at the tips of short, stubby branches
Gametophytes
easily overlooked, lack pigmentation and develop from the spores beneath the soil surface
Archegonia and antheridia develop ______
randomly, over the surface of the same gametophyte
Lycopodium plants are often referred to as
ground pines
sporophylls
sporangia bearing leaves
strobili/singular:strobilus
terminal cone like structures containing sporophylls
In the sporangia….___________ undergo
sporocytes undergo meiosis, producing spores that are released and carried away by air currents
Ligule
tiny extra appendage found on spike mosses
spike mosses produce 2 different kinds of
spores and gametophytes
this is called HETEROSPORY
Order of production (male)
- Microsporophylls
- Microsporocytes
- microspores
- Microsporocytes
Order of production (female)
- Megasporophylls
- Megasporocyte
- Megaspores
- Megasporocyte
Order of production (male) elaborated
MICROSPOROPHYLLS bear microsporangia containing numerous MICROSPOROCYTES that undergo meiosis, producing tiny MICROSPORES.
Order of production (female) elaborated
The megasporangia of MEGASPOROPHYLLS usually contain a MEGASPOROCYTE that, after meiosis, becomes four comparatively large MEGASPORES
Carinal canals
canals on horsetails that are aligned opposite to the ribs of the stems. each canal contains a patch of xylem and phloem to the outside
Vallecular canals
outer canals that contain air. Aligned to the opposite “valleys” between the ribs
Croziers (fiddle heads)
fronds tightly curled in on themselves
Frond
one big piece of fern, what some might call a “leaf”
At maturity, the blades are called
pinnae, singular: pinna, that are attached to a midrib, or rachis. with a petiole at the base
Sporangia look like ___________ on ferns
brown rusty spots
sori
a cluster or sporangia on a fern
Indusia (singular: indusium)
thin individual flaps of colorless tissue that protect the sori
Annulus
row of cells that look like a tiny millipede that function in catapulting spores out of the sporangium with a distinct snapping action
Coprolites
fossilized dung of prehistoric animals
Petrifactions
uncompressed, rocklike materials in which the original cell structure has been preserved
