Chapter 21

Question 1

fern allies

Answer 1

relatives of ferns

Question 2

four phyla of seedless vascular plants

Answer 2

1. Phylum Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
2. Phylum Lycophyta (club mosses and quillworts)
3. Phylum Equisetophyta (horsetails and scouring rushes)
4. Phylum polypodiophyta (ferns)

Question 3

Phylum Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)

Answer 3

Features unique to members of this phylum of vascular plants include sporophytes that have neither true leaves nor roots, and stems and rhizomes that fork evenly

Question 4

Phylum Lycophyta (club mosses and quillworts)

Answer 4

The stems of these plants are covered with microphylls, most microphylls are photosynthetic

Question 5

Microphylls

Answer 5

leaves with a single vein whose trace is not associated with a leaf gap

Question 6

Phylum Equisetophyta (horsetails and scouring rushes

Answer 6

the sporophyte of these plants have ribbed stems containing silica deposits and whorled scale like microphylls that lack chlorophyll

Question 7

Phylum Polypodiophyta (ferns)

Answer 7

The sporophytes of ferns have megaphylls, that are often large and much divided

Question 8

megaphylls

Answer 8

Leaves with more than one vein and a leaf trace that is associated with a leaf gap

Question 9

Enations

Answer 9

tiny, green, superficially leaflike, veinless, photosynthetic flaps of tissue, are spirally arranged along the stems of whisk ferns

Question 10

Photosynthesis takes place in the outer cells of the stem called the

Answer 10

epidermis and cortex

Question 11

a central cylinder of ______ is surrounded by ______

Answer 11

xylem surrounded by phloem

Question 12

the _____ is ____ shaped in a cross section

Answer 12

xylem is star shaped

Question 13

rhizoids act as ____ _____

Answer 13

root hairs

Question 14

Rhizoids and mycorrhizal fungi are

Answer 14

scattered along the surfaces of rhizomes

Question 15

On the whisk fern, small _________ are fused together in ______

Answer 15

sporangia are fused together in threes. they are at the tips of short, stubby branches

Question 16

Gametophytes

Answer 16

easily overlooked, lack pigmentation and develop from the spores beneath the soil surface

Question 17

Archegonia and antheridia develop ______

Answer 17

randomly, over the surface of the same gametophyte

Question 18

Lycopodium plants are often referred to as

Answer 18

ground pines

Question 19

sporophylls

Answer 19

sporangia bearing leaves

Question 20

strobili/singular:strobilus

Answer 20

terminal cone like structures containing sporophylls

Question 21

In the sporangia….___________ undergo

Answer 21

sporocytes undergo meiosis, producing spores that are released and carried away by air currents

Question 22

Ligule

Answer 22

tiny extra appendage found on spike mosses

Question 23

spike mosses produce 2 different kinds of

Answer 23

spores and gametophytes

this is called HETEROSPORY

Question 24

Order of production (male)

Answer 24

• Microsporophylls
  
  • Microsporocytes
    
    • microspores

Question 25

Order of production (female)

Answer 25

• Megasporophylls
  
  • Megasporocyte
    
    • Megaspores

Question 26

Order of production (male) elaborated

Answer 26

MICROSPOROPHYLLS bear microsporangia containing numerous MICROSPOROCYTES that undergo meiosis, producing tiny MICROSPORES.

Question 27

Order of production (female) elaborated

Answer 27

The megasporangia of MEGASPOROPHYLLS usually contain a MEGASPOROCYTE that, after meiosis, becomes four comparatively large MEGASPORES

Question 28

Carinal canals

Answer 28

canals on horsetails that are aligned opposite to the ribs of the stems. each canal contains a patch of xylem and phloem to the outside

Question 29

Vallecular canals

Answer 29

outer canals that contain air. Aligned to the opposite “valleys” between the ribs

Question 30

Croziers (fiddle heads)

Answer 30

fronds tightly curled in on themselves

Question 31

Frond

Answer 31

one big piece of fern, what some might call a “leaf”

Question 32

At maturity, the blades are called

Answer 32

pinnae, singular: pinna, that are attached to a midrib, or rachis. with a petiole at the base

Question 33

Sporangia look like ___________ on ferns

Answer 33

brown rusty spots

Question 34

sori

Answer 34

a cluster or sporangia on a fern

Question 35

Indusia (singular: indusium)

Answer 35

thin individual flaps of colorless tissue that protect the sori

Question 36

Annulus

Answer 36

row of cells that look like a tiny millipede that function in catapulting spores out of the sporangium with a distinct snapping action

Question 37

Coprolites

Answer 37

fossilized dung of prehistoric animals

Question 38

Petrifactions

Answer 38

uncompressed, rocklike materials in which the original cell structure has been preserved