Chapter 8

Question 1

leadership

Answer 1

• behavioral processes through which one person influences another person, or a group of others, towards attaining a specific set of objectives or goals
• things that people do to influence of a group to obtain certain goals or objectives

Question 2

approaches to understanding leadership

Answer 2

• personality

- situation and contingencies

Question 3

approaches to understanding leadership: personality

Answer 3

-At times, leadership has been considered a personality trait.
Personality-centered view of leadership was popular in the 1960’s and 1970’s but then it dwindled likely due to the inconsistent nature of the research findings – yet there has been a bit of a resurgence since the advent of the 5-factor model of personality where this model was applied to the understanding of personality in sport and physical activity settings.

Question 4

personality: 5 factor model

Answer 4

-meta-analysis of the 5 personality factors and leadership emergence and effectiveness work place and sport settings
-the emergence and effectiveness of leaders was associated with:
-higher extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience
Studies were done in workplace and sport:
- Negative association between neuroticism and leadership
* only 4 studies*

Question 5

What about Personality Match between leaders and followers?

Answer 5

Jackson et al., (2011) found that when athletes and coaches had similar personalities:
-extraversion, openness to experiences:
there was greater mutual commitment

Question 6

transactional and transformational leadership

Answer 6

• full range model of leadership

- outlines a spectrum of leadership behaviors ranging from ineffective-highly effective

Question 7

non leadership

Answer 7

• ineffective type of leader
• not making decisions
• absence
• indifference

Question 8

transactional leadership

Answer 8

-Use rewards and recognition and compliance-maximizing behaviors to get others to do what they want
Key behaviors:
-Waiting for mistakes to arise; responding with corrective direction and punishment
-Active monitoring and providing corrective direction
-Providing rewards and recognition that is contingent on successful task execution or role responsibilities

Question 9

transformational leadership

Answer 9

-Going beyond one’s self-interests to empower, inspire and give those being led confidence to achieve higher level functioning
Key behaviors:
-Intellectually stimulation: foster independent thinking (e.g, questioning assumptions; seeing things a different way; think for themselves)
-Individualized consideration: acting with care, compassion and empathy to support psychological and physical needs of others
-Inspirational motivation: use of optimism and encouragement and holding high expectations of others
-Idealized influence: act as role models through living their values and ideals (walking the walk)
-strongly correlated

Question 10

transformational leadership model

Answer 10

includes:
- intrinsic motivation
- better performance
- higher coach ratings
- less aggression

Question 11

how do leadership behaviors develop?

Answer 11

Nature: Genetics has been found to relate to leadership behaviors (twin-studies)
Nurture: Parenting affects transformational leadership behaviors of children in sport
Professional development training

Question 12

transformational leadership in physical education

Answer 12

• transformational leadership behaviors can be used by PE teachers to shape the learning environment
• the use of transformational leadership behaviors by teachers has been associated with:
• improved beliefs and attitudes towards PE
• greater motivation towards PE and PA generally
• greater enjoyment of PE
• greater satisfaction with teacher
• improved behavioral engagement and involvement in leisure time PA
• satisfaction of student pyschological needs
• self-efficacy beliefs

Question 13

athlete leaders in sport

Answer 13

• athlete leader: team member who acts (formally or informally) to guide and influence other team members towards a common objective
• size of team affects formal designation of leaders

Question 14

athlete leaders serve 3 functions

Answer 14

• help members accomplish task objectives
  ex) mentoring new members
• help members meet social needs
  ex) organize team activities outside the sport context
• help represent team through external needs
  ex) representing the team with in the community

Question 15

followership

Answer 15

• important to also consider who is being led
• narcissism: a trait where people exaggerate their talents and accomplishments and have an inflated sense of their own self-importance
• people high in narcissim did not respond well when leaders emphasize group goals and the importance of team work

Question 16

leadership in exercise

Answer 16

• exercise leaders can impact participation, satisfaction, enjoyment and engagement
• exercise leaders with enriched versus bland leadership styles lead to the above outcomes
• enriched leaders give frequent individual attention; provide positive, encouraging feedback; recognize participants efforts
• qualities of tranformational leadership also extend to exercise leaders

Question 17

best practices in effective leadership

Answer 17

1. clearly indicate how the team/group/athlete should operate and seek member input
2. respond to individual differences and needs. provide individualized feedback
3. encourage followers to see challenges as opportunities and to approach challenge from multiple perspective. encourage followers to think for themselves
4. share personal values and beliefs. make it clear what standards you hold for those followers. model those behaviors yourself
5. be enthusiastic and optimistic on what followers can achieve