Chapter 2 Flashcards
what is personality
- the overall organization of phychological characteristics-thinking, feeling, and behaving
- that differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistency across time and situations
- aka disposition
- emphasizes individual differences
- relatively stable
traits
- a relatively stable characteristic or quality that may represent a portion of one’s personality; a quality used to explain an individual’s behavior across time
ex) perfection, neuroticism, extraversion
traits are the building blocks of
personality
personality traits
-most traits are normally distributed in a population so most people have moderate levels of any given trait
digmans “5 factor model” or “big 5”
OCEAN
- openess to experience- curiosity, tendency to seek out new experiences
- conscientiousness- achievement, striving, self-discipline
- extraversion- assertiveness and energetic approach o the world
- agreeableness- compliance, positive approach towards others
- neuroticism- tension, nervousness, implusiveness, self-consciousness, hostility
behaviorists
consistent behavior patterns (personailty) develops through reward and punishment
social learning theories
behavior patterns (personality) develops through inner drives of the person ex) goals, beliefs, expectations
environment
rewards and punishments modelling from others; social environment
person situation debate
person side of the debate: personality traits lead to stable predictable behavior
situation side of the debate: behavior differs depending on the situation
-neither personality traits nor situations alone are good predictors of behavior
the interactonist approach
behavior is determined by an interplay between the individual and the situation
- researchers seek to understand how traits affect behavior in different situations
- personality is most likely to express itself in situations that are relevant to the person
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- belonging and love needs
- esteem needs
- self-actualization
personality in sport/exercise
- weak or little evidence can predict:
- sport performance
- athletes from non athletes
- spot preference
- but personality does interact with other factors
is there an exercise personality
- rhodes and smith 92006 meta analysis
- extraversion; conscientiousness (+)
- neurotisism (-)
- no relationship with openess and agreeableness
- but these relationships are small
risk taking/sensation seeking
- risky sports may fulfill a need for excitement among risk-takers
- risk taking athletes score higher than non- risking taking athletes on
- emotional stability, conscientiousness, and energy
competitiveness
- desire to engage in and strive for success
- competitive people showed more exercise intensity when playing “exer games” when they competed against a competitor
athletes score higher than non-athletes on 3 forms of competitiveness
- desire to strive for success
- focus on winning
- focus on personal standard
perfectionism
- can help or hinder sport and exercise performance, depending on the type of perfection
- personal standards perfectionism: high personal standards and self-oriented achievement striving
- evaluative concern perfectionism: involves concern about negative social evaluation
perfectionism continued
-high personal standards perfectionism + low evaluation concerns perfectionism= lowest burnout
-low personal standards perfectionism+high evaluative concerns perfectionism= highburnout
high+high or low+low = medium
mental toughness
-personal characteristics that allow people to cope with stress and anxiety while remaining focused on competition demands
4 C’s model
- control
- confidence
- commitment
- challenge
personality effecting sports
- personality exerts, at most, small impact on sport and exercise behavior, thoughts and emotions
- little evidence of a distinct athletic or exerciser personality
- a number of personality traits and characteristics have been associated with exercise behavior, thoughts and emotions but all with small influence
how helpful is personality research for increasing performance or exercise levels
- identify at risk people
- match personality to appropriate activities
