Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Articulation
A
Where two bones meet
2
Q
Functions of Joints
A
Mobility
Stability
3
Q
Two Classifications
A
Functional
Structural
4
Q
Functional Classification
A
Based on
-Amount of movement joint allows
5
Q
3 Functional Classification
A
Arthro-Joint
- Synarthroses- Syn- Doesn’t Move
- Amphiarthroses- Amph- Little Movement
- Diathroses- Di- Freely Moveable
6
Q
Structural Classification
A
Based on
- Material binding bones together
- Presence/absence of joint cavity
- -Joint Cavity- Space between joint
7
Q
3 Structural Classifications
A
Fibrous Joint
Cartilaginous Joint
Synovial Joint
8
Q
Fibrous Joints
A
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
No joint cavity
Most movable
-Depends on length of connective tissue fibers
9
Q
3 Types of Fibrous Joints
A
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses
10
Q
Fibrous Joints: Sutures
A
- Rigid, interlocking joints
- Immovable joints for protection of brain
- Contain short connective tissues fibers
- Allow for growth during youth
- In middle age, sutures ossify and fuse
11
Q
Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses
A
Bones connected by ligaments
Fiber length varies so movement varies
-Little to no movement at inferior tibiofibular joint
-Large amount of movement at interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna
12
Q
Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses
A
- Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets
- Fibrous connections
- No movement at all
13
Q
Cartilaginous Joints
A
Bones united by cartilage
No joint cavity
Very little movable
14
Q
2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints
A
Synchondroses
Symphyses
15
Q
Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses
A
Bar/Plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
- Temporary epiphyseal plate joints
- Cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium
16
Q
Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses
A
Fibrocartilage unites bone
-Hyaline cartilage present as articular cartilage
Strong flexible amphiarthroses
17
Q
Synovial Joints
A
Bones are separated by fluid-filled joint cavity All are diarthrotic -Lots of movement Includes: -All limb joints -Most joints of body
18
Q
Synovial Joints: 6 Distinguishing Features
A
- Articular Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage
- Joint (synovial) Cavity
- Articular (joint) Capsule
- Synovial Fluid
- Different Types of Reinforcing Ligaments
- Nerves and Blood Vessels
19
Q
Articular (Joint) Capsule
A
Two layers
- External Fibrous Layer
- -Dense irregular connective tissue
- Inner Synovial Membrane
- -Loose connective tissue
- -Makes synovial fluid
20
Q
Synovial Fluid
A
- Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
- Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
- Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
21
Q
Different Types of Reinforcing Ligaments
A
Capsular -Thickest Extracapsular -Outside Intracapsular -Deep
22
Q
Nerves and Blood Vessels
A
Nerve Fibers
-Detect pain
-Monitor joint position + stretch
Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
23
Q
Other Features of Some Synovial Joints (2)
A
Fatty Pads Articular Discs (Menisci)
24
Q
Fatty Pads
A
For cushioning between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone
25
Articular Discs (Menisci)
Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve "fit" of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear
26
Structures Associated with Synovial Joints (2)
Bursae
| Tendon Sheaths
27
Bursae
Sacs lined with synovial membrane
-Contains synovial fluid
Reduce friction
28
Tendon Sheaths
Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction
29
3 Stabilizing Factors at Synovial Joints
- Shapes of articular surfaces
- Ligament number and location
- Muscle tendons that cross joint
30
Synovial Joints: Movements Allowed
All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points
-Origin- Beginning
-Insertion- Ending
-Muscle contraction causes insertion to move toward origin
Movement occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes
31
Synovial Joints: Range of Motion (3)
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
32
Uniaxial
Movement in one plane
33
Biaxial
Movement in two planes
34
Multiaxial
Movement in or around all three planes
35
3 Types of Movement of Synovial Joints
Gliding
Angular Movements
Rotation
36
Gliding Movements
One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
- Intercarpal joints
- Intertarsal joints
- Between articular processes of vertebrae
37
Angular Movements
Increase or decrease angle between two bones
| Sagittal or Frontal Plane
38
Sagittal Angular Movement
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Flexion
-Decreases the angle of the joint
Extension
-Increases the angle of the joint
Hyperextension
-Movement beyond the anatomical position
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39
Frontal Angular Movement
Abduction
-Movement away from the midline
Adduction
-Movement toward the midline
40
Rotation
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Turning of bone around its own long axis
-Toward the midline or away from it
-Medial and lateral rotation
Examples
-Between C1 and C2 vertebrae
-Rotation of humerus and femur
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41
Types of Synovial Joints (6)
- Plane
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condylar
- Saddle
- Ball-and-Socket
42
Knee Joint
Largest, most complex joint of body
3 Joints surrounded by a single joint cavity
-Femoropatellar Joint
-Lateral and Medial Tibiofemoral Joints
43
Femoropatellar Joint
Plane joint
| Allows gliding motion during knee flexion
44
Lateral and Medial Tibiofemoral Joints
Femoral condyles with lateral and medial menisci of tibia
| Allow flexion, extension, and some rotation
45
Knee Joint
Capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons
-Quadriceps and Semimembranosus tendons
Joint capsule is thin
46
Capsular and Extracapsular Ligaments
- Help prevent hyperextension of knee
| - Fibular and Tibial Collateral Ligaments
47
Intracapsular Ligaments
-Prevent anterior-posterior displacement
-Reside outside synovial cavity
Two Types
-Anterior Cruciate Ligament
-Posterior Cruciate Ligament
48
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Attaches to anterior tibia
49
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Attaches to posterior tibia
50
Knee Joint Injuries
Absorbs great vertical force
| Vulnerable to horizontal blows, especially laterally blows to extended knee
51
3 C's of Knee Injuries
Collateral Ligaments
Cruciate Ligaments
Cartilages
52
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
Ball-and-Socket Joint
-Head of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula
Most freely moving joint in body
-Stability sacrificed
53
Reinforcing Ligaments of Shoulder Joint
Primarily on anterior aspect
3 Glenohumeral Ligaments
-Weak and sometimes absent
54
Reinforcing Muscle Tendons of Shoulder Joint
4 Rotator Cuff Tendons encircle shoulder joint
- Subscapularis
- Infrapinatus
- Teres minor
- Supraspinatus
55
Elbow Joint
Articulation of radius and ulna with humerus
Hinge Joint
-Notch of Ulna with trochlea of humerus
-Flexion and extension only
56
Elbow Joint Ligaments
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Anular Ligament
-Surrounds head of radius
Two Capsular ligaments restrict side-to-side movement
-Ulnar Collateral Ligament
-Radial Collateral Ligament
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57
Hip (Coxal) Joint
Ball-and-socket Joint
-Head of femur articulates with acetabulum
Good range of motion
Rib of fibrocartilage- Acetabular Labrum
-Enhances depth of socket so hip dislocations are rare
58
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Mandibular condyle articulates with temporal bone
Two Types of movement
-Hinge- depression and elevation of mandible
-Gliding- side-to-side
Most easily dislocated joint in the body
59
Common Joint Injuries (4)
Cartilage Tears
Sprains
Dislocations
Subluxation
60
Cartilage Tears
- Due to compression and shear stress
- Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
- Cartilage rarely repairs itself
61
Sprains
-Reinforcing ligaments stretched or torn
-Partial tears slowly repair heal
--Poor vascularization
3 options
-Ends sown together
-Replaced with grafts
-Time and immobilization
62
Dislocation (Luxation)
- Bones forced out of alignment
- Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficultly moving joint
- Caused by serious falls or contact sports
- Must be reduced to treat (low swelling)
63
Subluxation
Partial dislocation of a joint
64
Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
Bursitis
| Tendonitis
65
Bursitis
- Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction
| - Treated with rest and ice, anti-inflammatory drug
66
Tendonitis
- Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
| - Symptoms and treatment similar to bursitis
67
Arthritis
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-More than 100 types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
Symptoms
-pain
-stiffness
-swelling of joint
Chronic Forms
-Osteoarthritis
-Rheumatoid Arthritis
-Gouty Arthritis
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