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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Provides links from and to world outside of body
All neural structures outside brain
Example
-Nerves

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2
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Specialized to respond to changes in environment (stimuli)

Activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses

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3
Q

Sensation Vs. Perception

A

Sensation- Sensory Nerves- Touch
-Awareness of changes in environment
Perception- Either Brain or Spinal Cord- Thought
-Interpretation of changes in environment

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4
Q

Classification by Stimulus Type

A 
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors
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5
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Movement, Pressure

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6
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature

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7
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light

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8
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemicals, Taste, Smell

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9
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain, Spicy, Too Hot

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10
Q

Sensory Integration

A

Somatosensory system- part of sensory system serving body wall and limbs
Receives inputs from:
-Exteroceptors
-Proprioceptors
-Interoceptors
Input relayed toward head, but processed along way

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11
Q

Levels of Sensory Integration

A

Receptor Level
Circuit Level
Perceptual Level

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12
Q

Receptor Level

A

Sensory Receptors

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13
Q

Circuit Level

A

Processing in ascending pathways

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14
Q

Perceptual Level

A

Processing in cortical sensory areas

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15
Q

Processing at Receptor Level

A 
To produce sensation
-Receptors activation
-Stimulus location
-Transduction occurs
Graded potentials must reach threshold
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16
Q

Adaptation of Sensory Receptors

A

Adaptation is change in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus

  • Receptor membranes become loss responsive
  • Receptor potentials decline in frequency or stop
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17
Q

Processing at the Circuit Level

A

Pathways of 3 neurons conduct sensory impulses upward to appropriate cortical regions
First Order Sensory Neurons
Second Order Sensory Neurons
Third Order Sensory Neurons

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18
Q

First Order Sensory Neurons

A

From receptor to second neuron

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19
Q

Second Order Sensory Neurons

A

From spinal cord to third region

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20
Q

Third Order Sensory Neurons

A

Thalamus to perception or somatosensory system

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21
Q

Perception of Pain

A

To recognize outside threat- to warn us of danger

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22
Q

Pain Tolerance

A

Tolerance not threshold
“Sensitive to pain” means low pain tolerance, not low pain threshold
Genes help to determine pain tolerance
Response to pain medications

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23
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Long lasting intense pain.

Same intensity but feels like hyper-stimulated

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24
Q

Phantom Limb Pain

A

Felt in a limb that is no longer present, like feeling a hand on the distal end of an amputated arm

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25
Referred Pain
Pain from one body region perceived from different region Example: -Heart Attack- heart pain but felt in left arm and jaw -Neck and shoulder pains
26
Structure of a Nerve
Connective Tissue Coverings - Endoneurium- loose connective tissue - Perineurium- coarse connective tissue - Epineurium- tough fibrous sheath
27
Ganglia
Contain neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in PNS Afferent nerve fibers- sensory neurons Efferent nerve fibers- autonomic motor neurons
28
Regeneration of New Fibers
PNS- yes if cell body is intact | CNS- no
29
Cranial Nerves
12 Pairs; mixed nerves, numbered from 1 to 12
30
Olfactory Nerves
Smell: Olfactory Bulbs to Olfactory Cortex
31
Optic Nerves
Sight: Retinas to Thalamus Occipital Cortex
32
Vagus Nerves
Only Cranial Nerve that extend beyond head and neck region - Heart - Lungs - Abdominal Functions
33
Compostition of Cranial Nerves
Some mixed nerves contain both somatic and autonomic fibers
34
Spinal Nerves
31 Pairs of mixed nerves named for point of issue from spinal cord - 8 Cervical (only 7 cervical vertebrae, 1 exits canal below 7) - 13 Thoracic - 5 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 1 Coccygeal
35
Spinal Nerves: Roots
Each spinal nerve connects to spinal cord with two roots - Ventral - Dorsal
36
Ventral Roots
Contain efferent fibers from ventral horn motor neurons | Fibers innervate skeletal muscles
37
Dorsal Roots
Contain afferent fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia Conduct impulses from peripheral receptors
38
Brachial Plexuses
5 Nerves - Axillary - Musculocutaneous - Median - Ulnar - Radial
39
Axillary
Innervates much of shoulder region
40
Musculocutaneous
Innervates much of upper arm
41
Median
Innervates much of the forearm flexors
42
Ulnar
Innervates forearm flexors and intrinsic hand
43
Radial
Innervates forearm extensors
44
Lumbar Plexus
Innervates thigh, abdominal wall | L1 to L4
45
Femoral Nerve
Innervates anterior and medial thigh
46
Obturator Nerve
Innervates adductor muscles
47
Sacral Plexus
Innervates buttocks, lower limb, pelvis, and perineum | L4 to S4
48
Sciatic Nerve
``` Longest, thickest nerve of body Innervates posterior/medial thigh and most muscles in leg and foot Composed of 2 nerves -Tibial -Fibular ```
49
Dermatome
Area of skin supplied to one spinal nerve All spinal nerves except C1 participate in dermatomes Extent of spinal cord injuries ascertained by affected dermatomes Overlapping areas
50
Innervation of Skeletal Muscle
1. Takes place at neuromuscular junction 2. Neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) released when nerve impulses reaches axon terminal 3. ACh binds to receptors, resulting in: - Movement of Na+ and K+ across membrane - Depolarization of muscle cell - At end plate potential, which triggers an action potential- muscle contraction
51
Reflexes
Rapid, voluntary, predictable motor response to stimulus | Learned/acquired reflexes result from practice or repetition
52
Reflex Arc
1. Receptor 2. Sensory Neuron 3. Integration Center 4. Motor Neuron 5. Effector
53
Reflexes: Functional Classification
Somatic Reflexes | Autonomic (visceral) reflexes
54
Spinal Nerves: Plexuses
Within plexus fibers criss-cross - Each branch contains fibers from several spinal nerves - Fibers from ventral ramus go to body periphery via several routes - -Each limb muscle innervated by more than one spinal nerve
55
Cervical Plexus and the Neck
Formed by ventral rami of C1 to C4 Most branches form cutaneous nerves -Innervate skin of neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders -Other branches innervate neck muscles
56
Phrenic Nerve
Major motor and sensory nerve of diaphragm (receives fibers from C3 to C5 Irritation= hiccups
57
Brachial Plexus and Upper Limb
Formed by ventral rami of C5 to C8 and T1 (and often C4 and T2) Gives rise to nerves that innervate upper limb Numerous major branches of the plexus
58
Somatic Reflexes
Activate Skeletal Muscle
59
Autonomic (Visceral) Reflexes
Activate visceral effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle or glands
60
Spinal Somatic Reflexes
Integration Center: Spinal Cord | Effectors: Skeletal Muscle
61
Testing of somatic reflexes allow assessment of nervous system
If exaggerated, distorted, or absent- degeneration/pathology of specific nervous system regions
62
Stretch and Tendon Reflexes
To smoothly coordinate skeletal muscle nervous system must receive proprioceptor input regarding - Length of muscle - Amount of tension in muscle
63
Muscle Spindles
Contracting muscle reduces tension on muscle spindle
64
Stretch Reflex
Maintains muscle tone in large postural muscles, and adjusts it reflexively -Causes muscle contraction in response to increased muscle length (stretch)

Anatomy and Physiology (27 decks)

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