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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Provides links from and to world outside of body
All neural structures outside brain
Example
-Nerves

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2
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Specialized to respond to changes in environment (stimuli)

Activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses

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3
Q

Sensation Vs. Perception

A

Sensation- Sensory Nerves- Touch
-Awareness of changes in environment
Perception- Either Brain or Spinal Cord- Thought
-Interpretation of changes in environment

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4
Q

Classification by Stimulus Type

A 
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors
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5
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Movement, Pressure

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6
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature

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7
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light

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8
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemicals, Taste, Smell

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9
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain, Spicy, Too Hot

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10
Q

Sensory Integration

A

Somatosensory system- part of sensory system serving body wall and limbs
Receives inputs from:
-Exteroceptors
-Proprioceptors
-Interoceptors
Input relayed toward head, but processed along way

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11
Q

Levels of Sensory Integration

A

Receptor Level
Circuit Level
Perceptual Level

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12
Q

Receptor Level

A

Sensory Receptors

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13
Q

Circuit Level

A

Processing in ascending pathways

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14
Q

Perceptual Level

A

Processing in cortical sensory areas

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15
Q

Processing at Receptor Level

A 
To produce sensation
-Receptors activation
-Stimulus location
-Transduction occurs
Graded potentials must reach threshold
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16
Q

Adaptation of Sensory Receptors

A

Adaptation is change in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus

  • Receptor membranes become loss responsive
  • Receptor potentials decline in frequency or stop
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17
Q

Processing at the Circuit Level

A

Pathways of 3 neurons conduct sensory impulses upward to appropriate cortical regions
First Order Sensory Neurons
Second Order Sensory Neurons
Third Order Sensory Neurons

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18
Q

First Order Sensory Neurons

A

From receptor to second neuron

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19
Q

Second Order Sensory Neurons

A

From spinal cord to third region

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20
Q

Third Order Sensory Neurons

A

Thalamus to perception or somatosensory system

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21
Q

Perception of Pain

A

To recognize outside threat- to warn us of danger

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22
Q

Pain Tolerance

A

Tolerance not threshold
“Sensitive to pain” means low pain tolerance, not low pain threshold
Genes help to determine pain tolerance
Response to pain medications

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23
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Long lasting intense pain.

Same intensity but feels like hyper-stimulated

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24
Q

Phantom Limb Pain

A

Felt in a limb that is no longer present, like feeling a hand on the distal end of an amputated arm

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25
Q

Referred Pain

A

Pain from one body region perceived from different region
Example:
-Heart Attack- heart pain but felt in left arm and jaw
-Neck and shoulder pains

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26
Q

Structure of a Nerve

A

Connective Tissue Coverings

  • Endoneurium- loose connective tissue
  • Perineurium- coarse connective tissue
  • Epineurium- tough fibrous sheath
27
Q

Ganglia

A

Contain neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in PNS
Afferent nerve fibers- sensory neurons
Efferent nerve fibers- autonomic motor neurons

28
Q

Regeneration of New Fibers

A

PNS- yes if cell body is intact

CNS- no

29
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 Pairs; mixed nerves, numbered from 1 to 12

30
Q

Olfactory Nerves

A

Smell: Olfactory Bulbs to Olfactory Cortex

31
Q

Optic Nerves

A

Sight: Retinas to Thalamus Occipital Cortex

32
Q

Vagus Nerves

A

Only Cranial Nerve that extend beyond head and neck region

  • Heart
  • Lungs
  • Abdominal Functions
33
Q

Compostition of Cranial Nerves

A

Some mixed nerves contain both somatic and autonomic fibers

34
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 Pairs of mixed nerves named for point of issue from spinal cord

  • 8 Cervical (only 7 cervical vertebrae, 1 exits canal below 7)
  • 13 Thoracic
  • 5 Lumbar
  • 5 Sacral
  • 1 Coccygeal
35
Q

Spinal Nerves: Roots

A

Each spinal nerve connects to spinal cord with two roots

  • Ventral
  • Dorsal
36
Q

Ventral Roots

A

Contain efferent fibers from ventral horn motor neurons

Fibers innervate skeletal muscles

37
Q

Dorsal Roots

A

Contain afferent fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia
Conduct impulses from peripheral receptors

38
Q

Brachial Plexuses

A

5 Nerves

  • Axillary
  • Musculocutaneous
  • Median
  • Ulnar
  • Radial
39
Q

Axillary

A

Innervates much of shoulder region

40
Q

Musculocutaneous

A

Innervates much of upper arm

41
Q

Median

A

Innervates much of the forearm flexors

42
Q

Ulnar

A

Innervates forearm flexors and intrinsic hand

43
Q

Radial

A

Innervates forearm extensors

44
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

Innervates thigh, abdominal wall

L1 to L4

45
Q

Femoral Nerve

A

Innervates anterior and medial thigh

46
Q

Obturator Nerve

A

Innervates adductor muscles

47
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

Innervates buttocks, lower limb, pelvis, and perineum

L4 to S4

48
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A 
Longest, thickest nerve of body
Innervates posterior/medial thigh and most muscles in leg and foot
Composed of 2 nerves
-Tibial
-Fibular
49
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of skin supplied to one spinal nerve
All spinal nerves except C1 participate in dermatomes
Extent of spinal cord injuries ascertained by affected dermatomes
Overlapping areas

50
Q

Innervation of Skeletal Muscle

A
  1. Takes place at neuromuscular junction
  2. Neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) released when nerve impulses reaches axon terminal
  3. ACh binds to receptors, resulting in:
    - Movement of Na+ and K+ across membrane
    - Depolarization of muscle cell
    - At end plate potential, which triggers an action potential- muscle contraction
51
Q

Reflexes

A

Rapid, voluntary, predictable motor response to stimulus

Learned/acquired reflexes result from practice or repetition

52
Q

Reflex Arc

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory Neuron
  3. Integration Center
  4. Motor Neuron
  5. Effector
53
Q

Reflexes: Functional Classification

A

Somatic Reflexes

Autonomic (visceral) reflexes

54
Q

Spinal Nerves: Plexuses

A

Within plexus fibers criss-cross

  • Each branch contains fibers from several spinal nerves
  • Fibers from ventral ramus go to body periphery via several routes
  • -Each limb muscle innervated by more than one spinal nerve
55
Q

Cervical Plexus and the Neck

A

Formed by ventral rami of C1 to C4
Most branches form cutaneous nerves
-Innervate skin of neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders
-Other branches innervate neck muscles

56
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

Major motor and sensory nerve of diaphragm (receives fibers from C3 to C5
Irritation= hiccups

57
Q

Brachial Plexus and Upper Limb

A

Formed by ventral rami of C5 to C8 and T1 (and often C4 and T2)
Gives rise to nerves that innervate upper limb
Numerous major branches of the plexus

58
Q

Somatic Reflexes

A

Activate Skeletal Muscle

59
Q

Autonomic (Visceral) Reflexes

A

Activate visceral effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle or glands

60
Q

Spinal Somatic Reflexes

A

Integration Center: Spinal Cord

Effectors: Skeletal Muscle

61
Q

Testing of somatic reflexes allow assessment of nervous system

A

If exaggerated, distorted, or absent- degeneration/pathology of specific nervous system regions

62
Q

Stretch and Tendon Reflexes

A

To smoothly coordinate skeletal muscle nervous system must receive proprioceptor input regarding

  • Length of muscle
  • Amount of tension in muscle
63
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Contracting muscle reduces tension on muscle spindle

64
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

Maintains muscle tone in large postural muscles, and adjusts it reflexively
-Causes muscle contraction in response to increased muscle length (stretch)

Anatomy and Physiology (27 decks)

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