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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage

A

Not Bone

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2
Q

Skeletal Cartilage

A

Contains water, lends resiliency
Contains no blood vessels or nerves
Perichondrium surrounds
-Dense connective tissue girdle
–Contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery
All contain chondrocytes in lacunae and extracellular matrix

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3
Q

Skeletal Cartilage (3 Types)

A

Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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4
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Toughest
  • Most abundant type
  • Provides support/flexibility
  • Collagen fibers only
  • Articular and costal
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5
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A
  • External Ear and epiglottis

- Similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic fibers

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6
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Thick collagen fibers- has great tensile strength

- Intervertebral discs

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7
Q

Growth of Cartilage (3 Types)

A

Appositional Growth
Interstitial Growth
Calcification of Cartilage

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8
Q

Appositional Growth

A

External face of existing cartilage

-everything grows out

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9
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Expanding cartilage from within

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10
Q

Calcification of Cartilage

A
  • Occurs during normal bone growth
  • Calcified cartilage is NOT bone
  • Growth Plates close
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11
Q

Classification of Bones (2 Groups)

A

Location- Axial, Appendicular

Shape- Long, Short, Flat, Irregular

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12
Q

Axial

A

Head, neck, trunk

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13
Q

Appendicular

A

Arms, Legs

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14
Q

Long Bones

A

Longer than they are wide
Shaft and ends
Tibia, Fibula

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15
Q

Short Bones

A

Cube shaped bones
Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella)
Toes

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16
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin, flat, slightly curved

Ribs, Skull

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17
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Complicated shapes

Shoulder Blades, everything else

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18
Q

Functions of Bones (7 Functions)

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral and Growth Factor Storage
Blood Cell Formation
Triglyceride (fat) Storage
Hormone Production
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19
Q

Support

A

Upright

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20
Q

Protection

A

Soft organs

  • Skull
  • Ribs
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21
Q

Movement

A

Muscles pull on bones

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22
Q

Mineral and Growth Factor Storage

A

Calcium and phosphorus, and growth factors reservoir

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23
Q

Blood Cell Formation

A

Red marrow cavity in certain bones

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24
Q

Triglyceride (fat) Storage

A

Bone cavities

-Energy source

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25
Q

Hormone Production

A

Osteocalcin

  • Regulates bone formation
  • Protection
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26
Q

Bones (3 Levels of Structure)

A 
Organs
Contains different types of tissues
Three Levels of Structure
-Gross Anatomy
-Microscopic
-Chemical
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27
Q

Common components of all bones

A

Dense outer layer of compact bone
-Smooth and solid
Spongy inner core
-Trabeculae

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28
Q

Gross Anatomy of Bone

A

Bone textures

-Compact vs. Spongy

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29
Q

Compact Bone

A

Dense outer layer

Smooth and solid

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30
Q

Spongy (cancellous or trabecular)

A

Honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to compact called trabeculae

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31
Q

Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones

A

Grossly
-Thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone
-Plates sandwiched between connective tissue membranes
-Periosteum (outer layer) and endosteum
Shaft
-None and no epiphyses
Bone Marrow
-Throughout spongy bone; no marrow cavity
Articular surfaces
-Cartilage covering

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32
Q

Structure of Typical Long Bone

A

Diaphysis
-Long tubular shaft
-Compact bone surrounding medullary cavity
Epiphyses
-Bone ends
-External compact bone
-Internal spongy bone
-Articular cartilage covers articular surfaces
-Between is epiphyseal line
–Remnant of childhood bone growth at epiphyseal plate

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33
Q

Articular

A

Joints where 2 bones come into contact

34
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Holds bone marrow

35
Q

2 Membranes

A

Periosteum- peri- outside

Endosteum- endo- inside

36
Q

Periosteum

A

White, double-layered membrane
Covers external surfaces except joint surfaces
-Outer fibrous layer of dense irregular
Osteogenic layer adults bone
-Contains primitive stem cells- osteogenic cells
Vascular and nerves
Anchoring points for tendons and ligaments

37
Q

Endosteum

A

Covering internal bone surface
Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
Lines canals that pass through compact bone
Contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells

38
Q

Osteogenic

A

Osteo-genic

Bone-maker

39
Q

Ligament

A

Bone to bone

40
Q

Tendon

A

Muscle to bone

41
Q

Red bone Marrow

A

Location
-Trabecular cavities of spongy bone
-Scattered throughout flat bones
In medullary cavities and spongy bone of newborns
Location in long bones
-minimal
Yellow marrow can convert to red, if needed

42
Q

Bone Markings

A

Sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces
Joint surfaces
Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

43
Q

Three types of Bone markings

A

Projections
Depressions
Openings

44
Q

Projections

A

Most indicate stresses created by muscle pull or joint modifications

45
Q

Depressions and Openings

A

Usually allow nerves and blood vessels to pass

46
Q

5 Major Types of Cells in Bones

A 
Osteogenic Cells
Osteoblasts
Osetocytes
Bone lining Cells (non-relevant) 
Osteoclasts
47
Q

Osteogenic Cells (Osteoprogenitor Cells)

A 
Mitotically active stem cells
Location
-periosteum and endosteum
Function
-when stimulated differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells
-Some persist as osteogenic cells
48
Q

Osteoblasts

A 
Function
-Bone-Forming
-Secrete unmineralized bone matrix
-Includes collagen and calcium-binding proteins
Actively mitotic
49
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cells in lacunae
Monitor and maintain bone matrix
Act as stress or strain sensors
-Respond to and communicate mechanical stimuli to osteoblasts and osteoclasts so bone remodeling can occur

50
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Derived from hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages
Giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption

51
Q

Osteoclasts vs. Osteoblast vs. Osteoctye

A
  • blast- make
  • cyte- maintaining
  • clast- absorbing
52
Q

Haversian System

A

Structural unit of compact bone
Elongated cylinder parallel to long axis of bone
Hollow tubes of bone matrix called lamellae
-collagen fibers in adjacent rings run in different direction
–withstands stress-resist twisting

53
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone

A

Central Canal
Perforating Canal
Lacunae
Canaliculi

54
Q

Central Canal

A

Runs through core of osteon

Contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

55
Q

Perforating Canals

A

Canals lined with endosteum at right angles to central canal

Connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal

56
Q

Lacunae

A

Small cavities that contain osteocytes

57
Q

Canaliculi

A

Canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal

58
Q

Canaliculi Formation

A

Osteoblasts secreting bone matrix
When matrix hardens and cells are trapped the canaliculi form
-Allow communication
-Permit nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one osteocyte to another throughout osteon

59
Q

Central vs. Perforating

A

Central- middle, whole length, main road

Perforating- back road

60
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Spongy Bone

A

Appears poorly organized
Trabeculae
-Align along lines of stress to help resist it
-No osteons
-Contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi
-Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients

61
Q

Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic Components

A

Includes cells and osteoid

  • Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, and osteoclasts
  • Osteoid- 1/3 of organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
  • -Made of ground substance
  • -Collagen fibers
  • -Contributes to structure; provides tensile strength and flexibility
62
Q

Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

A

65% of bone by mass
Mainly of tiny calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers
Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression

63
Q

Bone Fun Facts

A

Half as strong as steel in resisting compression
As strong as steel in resisting tension
Last long after death because of mineral composition
-Reveal information about ancient people
-can display growth arrest lines
–Horizontal lines on bones
–Proof of illness- when bones stop growing so nutrients can help fight disease

64
Q

Ossification (Osteogenesis)

A 
Process of bone tissue formation
Formation of bony skeleton
Postnatal bone growth
-until early adulthood
Bone remodeling and repair
-lifelong
65
Q

Ossification (2 Types)

A

Endochondral Ossification

Intramembranous Ossification

66
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
Forms most of skeleton
Forms most all bones inferior to base of skull
-Except clavicles
Uses hyaline cartilage models
Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

67
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Bone develops from fibrous membrane
Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones
Forms frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal bones, and clavicles
Begins within fibrous connective tissue

68
Q

Postnatal Bone Growth (2 types)

A

Interstitial (longitudinal) Growth

Appositional Growth

69
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Increase length of long bones
Requires epiphyseal cartilage
Epiphyseal plate maintains constant thickness
Concurrent remodeling of epiphyseal ends to maintain proportion
Result of 5 zones

70
Q

5 Zones of Interstitial Growth

A 
Resting (quiescent) zone
Proliferation (growth) zone
Hypertrophic zone
Calcification zone
Ossification (osteogenic) zone
71
Q

Resting Zone

A

Cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate

Relatively inactive

72
Q

Proliferation Zone

A

Cartilage on diaphysis side of epiphyseal plate

Rapidly divide pushing epiphysis away from diaphysis

73
Q

Hypertrophic Zone

A

Older cartilage cells enlarge

74
Q

Calcification zone

A

Surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies

75
Q

Ossification zone

A

Chrondrocyte deterioration
Eroded by osteoclasts
Covered with new bone by osteoblasts
Ultimately replaced with spongy bone

76
Q

Epiphyseal Plate Growth in Interstitial Growth

A

Near end of adolescence chondroblasts divide less often
Epiphyseal plate thins then is replaced by bone
Epiphyseal plate course

77
Q

Epiphyseal Plate Course

A

Bone lengthening ceases
Bone of epiphysis and diaphysis fuses
Females about 18 years
Males about 21 years

78
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Allows bone to widen
Osteoblasts
-Beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external bone
Osteoclasts
-Remove bone on endosteal surface
Usually more building up than breaking down
-Thicker stronger bone but not too heavy
Excess of deficits of any cause abnormal skeletal growth

79
Q

Hormones of Regulating Bone Growth (3 Types)

A

Growth Hormone
Thyroid Hormone
Testosterone (males) estrogen (females)

80
Q

Growth Hormone

A

HGH

most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

81
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

Modulates activity of growth hormone

Ensures proper proportions

82
Q

Testosterone & Estrogen

A

Promote adolescent growth spurts

End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

Anatomy and Physiology (27 decks)

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