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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Skin (2 regions)

A

Epidermis- superficial region

Dermis- underlies epidermis

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2
Q

Hypodermis

A

Not part of skin
Mostly adipose tissue
Anchors skin to underlying structures
Muscles

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
4 or 5 layers
4 cell types

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4
Q

5 Layers of Epidermis

A 
Deep to Superficial
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
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5
Q

4 Cell Types of Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells
Tactile (Merkel) cells

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6
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Produce fibrous protein keratin
No long living, stratified squamous cells
Location; mostly in epidermis
Connected by desmosomes

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7
Q

Melanocytes

A

10-25% of cells in deepest epidermis

Produce pigment melanin

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8
Q

Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells

A

Macrophages- involved in the immune system

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9
Q

Tactile (Merkel) Cells

A

Sensory touch receptors

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10
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)

A 
Deepest epidermal layer
Firmly attached to dermis
Single row of stem cells
-Actively mitotic 
-Produces two daughter cells 
--One cell journeys from basal layer to surface
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11
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer)

A

Several layers thick
Cells contain web-like system of filaments attached to desmosomes
Abundant dendritic cells

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12
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)

A 
Thin- 4 to 6 cell layers
Cell appearance changes
-Cell flatten
-Nuclei and organelles disintegrate
-Keratinization begins
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13
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)

A

Only in thick skin
Thin, Translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum
A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

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14
Q

Layers of Epidermis: Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)

A 
20-30 rows of dead, flat, anucleate keratinized membranous sacs
3/4 of epidermal thickness
Cells Functions:
-Protection of deep layers
-Protection from physical factors
-Barrier
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15
Q

Cell Differentiation in Epidermis

A

Cells change from stratum basale to stratum corneum

Accomplished by specialized form of apoptosis (flake off)

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16
Q

Dermis

A 
Strong, flexible connective tissue
Many cells
Fibers in matrix bind together
Contents:
-Nerve fibers
-Blood and lymphatic vessels
-Epidermal hair follicles
-Oil and sweat glands
Two layers
-Papillary
-Reticular
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17
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
Dermal Papillae

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18
Q

Dermal Papillae

A 
Superficial peglike projections into the epidermis
Contents:
-Capillary loops
-Meissner's corpuscles (Touch receptors)
-Free nerve endings (Pain receptors)
Function:
-Enhance Gripping
-Contributes to sense of touch
-Contributes to sense of pain
-Fingerprints
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19
Q

Other Skin Markings

A

Striae

Blister

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20
Q

Striae

A

Slivery-White Scars
stretch marks
Extreme stretching causes dermal tears

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21
Q

Blister

A

From acute, short term trauma

Fluid-filled pocket that separates epidermal and dermal layers

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22
Q

Skin Color

A

Three pigments contribute to skin color

  • Melanin- only pigment made in skin
  • Carotene
  • Hemoglobin
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23
Q

Melanin

A 
Two forms
-Reddish-yellow to Brownish-black
Color is due to amount
Produced in melanocytes
-Same relative number in all people
Freckles and pigmented moles
-Local accumulations of melanin
Sun exposure stimulates melanin production
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24
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow to orange pigment
-most obvious in palms and soles
Can be converted to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health
Yellowish-tinge of some Asians- carotene and melanin variations

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25
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Pinkish hue of fair skin

26
Q

Skin Color in Diagnosis Cyanosis

A

Blueish

Low oxygen

27
Q

Skin Color in Diagnosis Erythema

A

Redness

Fever, Hypertension, Inflammation

28
Q

Skin Color in Diagnosis Pallor

A

Blanching

Anemia, Low blood pressure, fear, anger

29
Q

Skin Color in Diagnosis Jaundice

A

Yellowish

Liver disorder

30
Q

Skin Color in Diagnosis Bruises

A

Clotted blood beneath skin

31
Q

Appendages of the Skin

Derivatives of the Epidermis

A

Hair and Hair Follicles
Nails
Sweat Glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands

32
Q

Hair

A 
Dead keratinized cells of hard keratin
-More durable than soft keratin of skin
Functions include:
-Warn insects on skin
-Physical Trauma
-Heat loss
-Sunlight
Hair pigments
-Melanin gives it color
-Gray/white is decreased melanin production, increased air bubbles in shaft
33
Q

Hair Follicles

A 
Extend form epidermal surface to dermis
Two layered wall- part dermis, part epidermis
Hair bulb
-Expanded deep end
-Hair follicle
-Sensory nerve endings- touch receptors
-Hair matrix
34
Q

Arrector Pili

A

Smooth muscle attached to hair follicle

Responsible for “goosebumps”

35
Q

Types and Growth of Hair

A

Vellus Hair
-Pale, fine body hair of children and adult females
Terminal Hair
-Coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp
-At puberty
Nutrition and hormones affect hair growth
Follicles cycle between active and regressive phases
Average 2.25mm growth per week
Lose 90 scalp hairs daily

36
Q

Hair Thinning and Baldness

A

Alopecia
-Hair thinning in both sexes after age of 40
True Baldness
-Genetically determined and sex-influenced condition
-Male pattern baldness caused by follicular response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

37
Q

Nails

A

Scalelike modifications of epidermis
Protective cover for distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes
Contain hard keratin

38
Q

Sweat Glands

A

All skin surfaces except nipples and parts of external genitalia
Two main types
-Eccrine
-Apocrine
Contain myoepithelial cells
-Contract upon nervous system stimulation to force sweat into ducts

39
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands

A 
Most numerous 
Abundant on palms, soles, and forehead
Ducts connect to pores
Function in thermoregulation
-Regulated by sympathetic nervous system
Secrete Sweat
40
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Confined to axillary and anogenital areas
Secretes sweat + fatty substance + proteins
-Viscous; milky or yellowish
-Odorless until bacterial interactions (body odor)
Duct empty into hair follicles
Begin functioning at puberty

41
Q

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

A 
Widely distributed 
-not in thick skin of palms and soles
Secrete into hair follicles
Inactive until puberty 
-Stimulated by hormones (especially androgens) 
Secrete oily secretion
-Bactericidal 
-Softens hair and skin
42
Q

Functions of Integumentary System

A 
Protection
Body Temperature Regulation 
Cutaneous Sensation
Metabolic Functions
Blood Reservoir
Excretion
43
Q

Protection 3 Barriers

A

Chemical
Physical
Biological

44
Q

Protection (Chemical)

A

Skin secretions
-Low pH retards bacterial multiplication
Melanin
-Defense against UV radiation damage

45
Q

Protection (Physical)

A

Flat, dead cells of stratum corneum surrounded by lipids
Keratin and glycolipids block most water
Limited penetration of skin

46
Q

Protection (Biological)

A

Dendritic cells of epidermis
-present foreign antigens to white blood cells
Macrophages of dermis
-present foreign antigens to white blood cells
DNA
-absorption of UV radiation
-Radiation converted to heat

47
Q

Body Temperature Regulation

A

If body temperature rises
-Dilation of dermal vessels
-Increased sweat gland activity cool the body
Cold external environment
-Dermal blood vessels constrict
-Skin temperature drops to slow passive heat loss

48
Q

Cutaneous Sensations

A

Sensory receptors (part of nervous system) detect temperature, touch, and pain

49
Q

Metabolic Functions

A

Synthesis of vitamin D (precursor and collagenase)

Converts carcinogens and some hormones

50
Q

Blood Reservoir

A

Up to 5% of body’s blood volume

51
Q

Excretion

A

Nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat

52
Q

Skin Cancer

A

Most skin tumors are benign and do not metastasize
Risk Factors:
-Overexposure to UV radiation
-Frequent irritation of skin

53
Q

3 Major Types of Skin Cancer

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma

54
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A 
Common
-Most common
Skin Layers
-Stratum Basale Cells proliferate and invade dermis and hypodermis
Malignancy 
-Least malignant
Prognosis
-Surgical excision
-99% of cases are cured
55
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A 
Common
-Second most common
Skin layers
-Keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
Appearance
-Scaly red on scalp, ears, lower llip, and hands
Malignancy
-Yes, typically metastasize
Prognosis
-Good
-Treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically
56
Q

Melanoma

A

Cancer of melanocytes
Common
-Most dangerous
Malignancy
-Highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy
Prognosis
-Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy
Key to survival is early detection- ABCD rule

57
Q

ABCD Rule

A

A: Asymmetry; two sides of the pigmented area do not match
B: Boarder Irregularity; exhibits indentations
C: Color; contains several (black, brown, tan, sometimes red or blue
D: Diameter; larger than 6mm (size of pencil eraser)

58
Q

Burns

A 
Tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals
-denatures proteins and kills cells
Immediate Threat
-Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
To evaluate burns
-Rule of nines
-Used to estimate volume of fluid loss
59
Q

Burns Classified by Severity

A

Partial-Thickness Burns
-First Degree- epidermal damage only; redness, swelling, pain
-Second Degree- epidermal and upper dermal damage; blisters appear, pain
Full-Thickness Burn
-Third Degree- entire thickness of skin involved, cherry red or blackened, not painful (nerve endings destroyed), skin grafting usually necessary

60
Q

Severity and Treatment of Burns

A 
Critical if:
- 25% of body has Second Degree Burns
- 10% of body has Third Degree Burns
-Face, hands, or feet bear third degree burns
Treatment includes:
-Debridement (removal) of burned skin
-Antibiotics
-Temporary covering
-Skin Grafts
61
Q

Developmental Aspects

A

Aging Skin
-Epidermal replacement slows, skin becomes thin, dry, and itchy
-Subcutaneous fat and elasticity decrease, leading to cold intolerance and wrinkles
-Increased risk of cancer due to decreased numbers of melanocytes and dendritic cells
-Hair thinning
Ways to prevent/Delay
-UV protection, good nutrition, lots of fluids, good hygiene

Anatomy and Physiology (27 decks)

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