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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System (Fun Facts)

A 
Composition- bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments
20% of body mass
Two major parts
-Axial
-Appendicular
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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A 
Consists of 80 bones
Three major regions
-Skull
-Vertebral Column
-Thoracic Cage
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3
Q

The Skull

A

Formed by 2 sets of bones

  • Cranial Bones (Cranium)
  • Facial Bones
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4
Q

Cranial Bones

A

Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity
-Cranial vault
-Cranial base: anterior, middle, and posterior fossae
Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles

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5
Q

Facial Bones

A

Framework of face
Cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell
Openings for air and food passage
Sites of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression

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6
Q

Skull Geography

A 
Cranial cavity
Middle and internal ear cavities 
Nasal cavity
Orbits
85 named openings
-Foramina, canals, fissures
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7
Q

Cranial Bones (Number)

A

8

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8
Q

Cranial Bones (Name)

A 
Frontal Bone
Parietal Bones (2)
Occipital Bone
Temporal Bones (2)
Sphenoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone
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9
Q

Frontal Bone

A 
Location
-Anterior portion of cranium
-Most of anterior cranial fossa
Superior walls of orbits
Contains air-filled frontal sinus
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10
Q

Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures

A

Superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault
Four sutures mark articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones
-Coronal suture
-Sagittal suture
-Lambdoid suture
-Squamous suture

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11
Q

Coronal Suture

A

Separates frontal and parietal

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12
Q

Sagittal Suture

A

Separates 2 parietals

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13
Q

Lambdoid Suture

A

Separates occipital and parietal

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14
Q

Squamous Suture

A

Separates temporal and parietal

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15
Q

Occipital Bone

A

Location
-Most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa
-Articulates with 1st vertebra
Sites of attachment for ligamentum nuchae and many neck and back muscles
Foramen magnum

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16
Q

Temporal Bones

A

Location

-Inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial base

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17
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

Complex, bat-shaped bone
Keystone bone
-Articulates with all other cranial bones

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18
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A

Deepest skull bone
Superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities
Contributes to medial wall of orbits

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19
Q

Sutural Bones

A

Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures

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20
Q

Facial Bones (Number)

A

14

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21
Q

Facial Bones (Name)

A 
Mandible
Maxillary Bone
-Maxillae (2)
Zygomatic Bones (2)
Nasal Bones (2)
Lacrimal Bones (2)
Palatine Bones (2)
Vomer
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
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22
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jaw
Largest, strongest bone of face
Temporomandibular Joint
-Only freely movable joint in skull

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23
Q

Maxillary Bones

A

Medially fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton
Keystone Bones
-Articulate with all other facial bones except mandible
Top part of mouth where upper teeth attach

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24
Q

Zygomatic Bones

A

Cheekbones

Inferolateral margins of orbits

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25
Q

Nasal Bones

A

Form bridge of nose

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26
Q

Lacrimal Bones

A

In medial walls of orbits

Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac

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27
Q

Palatine Bones

A

Posterior one-third of hard palate
Posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity
Small part of the orbits

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28
Q

Vomer

A

Plow shaped

Inferior part of nasal septum

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29
Q

Orbits

A

Cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands
Sites of attachment for eye muscles
Formed by parts of seven bones

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30
Q

Nasal Cavity

A 
Roof, lateral walls, and floor
Nasal septum of bone and hyaline cartilage
-Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
-Vomer
-Anterior septal cartilage
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31
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A 
Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces
Lighten skull
Enhance resonance of voice
Warm and humidify air
-Think of breathing in cold
Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
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32
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

Not bone of skull
Does not articulate directly with another bone
Movable base for tongue
Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech

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33
Q

Vertebral Column (Fun facts)

A

Transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs
Surrounds and protects spinal cord
Flexible curved structure containing 26 irregular bones (vertebrae) in 5 major regions

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34
Q

5 Regions of Vertebral Column (And Number)

A 
Cervical Vertebrae
-7 (neck)
Thoracic Vertebrae
-12 (ribs)
Lumbar Vertebrae
-5 (lower back)
Sacrum
Coccyx
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35
Q

Vertebral Column: Curvatures

A

Increase resilience and flexibility of spine

  • Cervical and Lumbar curvatures
  • -Concave posteriorly
  • Thoracic curvatures
  • -Concave anteriorly
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36
Q

Abnormal Spine Curvatures

A

Scoliosis- Frontal plane (S curve straight on)
Kyphosis- Sagittal plane (hunched over)
Lordosis- Sagittal plane (indentation in back)

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37
Q

Ligaments

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
-From neck to sacrum
Ligamentum Flavum
-Connects adjacent vertebrae
Short ligaments
-Connect each vertebra to those above and below

38
Q

Intevertebral Discs

A

Cushion-like pad composed of two parts
Nucleus Pulposus
Anulus Fibrosus

39
Q

Nucleus Pulposus

A

Inner gelatinous nucleus

Gives disc its elasticity and compressibility

40
Q

Anulus Fibrosus

A

Outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage

41
Q

General Structure of Vertebrae

A

Body
Vertebral Arch
Vertebral Foramina
Intervertebral Formina

42
Q

Body

A

Anterior weight-bearing region

43
Q

Vertebral Arch

A

Composed of pedicles and laminae that, along with body, encloses vertebral foramen

44
Q

Vertebral Foramina

A

Together make up vertebral canal for spinal cord

45
Q

Intervertebral Formina

A

Lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae for spinal nerves

46
Q

7 Processes per Vertebra

A

Spinous Process- projects posteriorly
Transverse Processes (2)- project laterally
Superior Articular Processes (2)- protrude superiorly
Inferior Articular Processes (2)- protrude inferiorly

47
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A 
C1-C7: Smallest, lightest vertebrae 
C3-C7: Share following features
-Oval body
-Spinous processes are bifid (except C7)
-Large, triangular vertebral foramen
-Transverse foramen in each transverse process
-C7 is vertebra prominens
48
Q

Atlas

A

C1

  • No body or spinous process
  • Consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses
  • Superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with occipital condyles
  • Movement for “Yes”
49
Q

Axis

A

C2

  • Dens projects superiorly into anterior arch of atlas
  • -Is “missing” body of atlas
  • Dens is a pivot for rotation of atlas
  • Movement of “no”
  • Breaking your neck would be breaking dens
50
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

T1-T12

  • All articulate with ribs at facets
  • Long, spinous process that points inferiorly
  • Circular vertebral foramen
  • Location of articular facets allows rotation of this area of spine
51
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

L1-L5

  • Receives most stress
  • Short, thick pedicles and laminae
  • Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes point posteriorly
  • Vertebral foramen triangular
  • Orientation of articular facets locks lumbar vertebrae together to prevent rotation
52
Q

Sacrum

A
  • 5 fused vertebrae
  • Forms posterior wall of pelvis
  • Articulates with L5 superiorly, and with auricular surfaces of hip bones, forming sacroiliac joints
53
Q

Coccyx

A
  • Tailbone
  • 3-5 fused vertebrae
  • Articulates superiorly with sacrum
54
Q

Thoracic Cage

A 
Composed of 
-Posteriorly
-Anteriorly 
-Laterally
Functions
-Protects vital organs
-Supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs
-Provides attachment sites for muscles of neck, back, chest, and shoulders
55
Q

Sternum (Breastbone)

A

Three fused bones

  • Manubrium (Superior portion)
  • -Articulates with clavicles and ribs 1 and 1
  • Body (Mid-portion)
  • -Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2 and 7
  • Xiphoid Process (Inferior Portion)
  • Site of muscle attachment
56
Q

Anatomical Landmarks of Sternum

A

Jugular Notch
Sternal Angle
Xiphisternal Joint

57
Q

Jugular Notch

A

Central indentation in superior border of manubrium

58
Q

Sternal Angle

A

Horizontal ridge across front sternum

59
Q

Xiphisternal Joint

A

Point where sternal body and xiphiod process fuse

60
Q

Ribs and Their Attachments

A 
12 pairs total
-All attach to thoracic vertebrae
Pairs 1-7
-True (Vertebrosternal) Ribs
-Attach directly to sternum by individual costal cartilages
61
Q

Ribs and Their Attachments

A 
Pairs 8-12
False Ribs 
-Pairs 8-10
--Attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage of rib above
Pairs 11-12 also called floating ribs
-no attachment to sternum
62
Q

Bones of Limbs and Their Girdles

A

Pectoral Girdle
-Attaches upper limbs to body trunk
Pelvic Girdle
-Attaches lower limbs to body trunk

63
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

Clavicles and Scapulae

  • Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton
  • Provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs
64
Q

Clavicles (Collarbones)

A
  • Cone-shaped sternal end articulates with sternum medially
  • Flattened acromial end articulates laterally with scapula
  • Anchor muscles
  • Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally
65
Q

Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)

A
  • On dorsal surface of rib cage
  • Flat and triangular, with three borders and three angles
  • Several large fossae named according to location
66
Q

The Upper Limb

A

30 Bones form skeleton framework of each upper limb

  • Arm- Humerus
  • Forearm- Radius and Ulna
  • Hand- Carpal, Metacarpal, Phalanges
67
Q

Humerus

A
  • Largest, longest bone of upper limb
  • Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula
  • Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna
68
Q

Radius

A
  • Lateral bone in forearm
  • Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
  • Interosseous membrane connects radius and ulna along their entire length
69
Q

Ulna

A
  • Medial bone in forearm

- Forms major portion of elbow joint with humerus

70
Q

Carpus

A

8 Bones of Wrist

Forms Wrist

71
Q

Metacarpus

A

5 metacarpal bones

Forms Palm

72
Q

Phalanges

A

Fingers
2 Bones in Thumb
3 Bones in Other 4 digits

73
Q

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

A

Two Hip bones and sacrum
-Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments
-Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
-Support pelvic organs
Less mobility but more stable than shoulder joint
3 fused together
-Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis
Bony pelvis formed by coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx

74
Q

Female Pelvis

A
  • Adapted for childbearing
  • True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal
  • Cavity of true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity
75
Q

Male Pelvis

A
  • Adapted for support of male’s heavier build and stronger muscles
  • Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
76
Q

Lower Limb

A
  • Carries entire weight of erect body
  • Subjected to exceptional forces if jump or run
  • 3 segments
  • -Thigh
  • -Leg
  • -Foot
77
Q

Thigh Bones

A

Femur

Patella

78
Q

Femur

A
  • Largest and strongest bone in the body
  • Length about 1/4 of person’s height
  • Articulates proximally with aceabulum of hip and distally with tibia and patella
79
Q

Patella

A

-Sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon

80
Q

Leg Bones

A

Tibia
Fibula
*Both connected by interosseous membrane

81
Q

Tibia

A
  • Medial leg bone

- Receives weight of body from femur; transmit to foot

82
Q

Fibula

A
  • Not weight bearing: no articulation with femur
  • Several muscles originate from fibula
  • Articulates proximally and distally with tibia
83
Q

Tarus

A
  • 7 Tarsal bones form posterior half of foot

- Body weight carried primarily by talus and calcaneus

84
Q

Metatarsals

A
  • 5 metatarsal bones

- Enlarges head of metatarsal forms “ball of foot”

85
Q

Phalanges

A

14 bones of toes

  • Great toe has 2
  • Rest of digits have 3
86
Q

Arches of Foot

A
  • Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons
  • Allows foot to bear weight
  • 3 arches
  • -Lateral Longitudinal
  • -Medial Longitudinal
  • -Transverse
87
Q

Fetal Skull

A

Has more bones than adult

  • mandible and frontal bones are unfused
  • skull bones connect by fontanelles
88
Q

Cleft Palate

A

No medial fusion of right and left halves of palate

89
Q

Growth Rates

A
  • At birth, cranium is huge relative to face
  • At 9 months, cranium is 1/2 size adult size
  • Mandible and maxilla are foreshortened but lengthen with age
  • Arms and legs grow at faster rate than head and trunk, leading to adult proportions
90
Q

Spinal Curvature

A

Primary thoracic and sacral curvatures obvious at birth
-Give spine a C shape
-Convex posteriorly
Secondary curvatures
-Cervical and lumbar - convex anteriorly
-Appear as child develops (lifts head, walk)

91
Q

Old Age

A

Intervertebral discs
-several centimeter height loss common by 55
-Costal cartilage ossifies
All bones lose mass, so fracture risk increases

Anatomy and Physiology (27 decks)

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