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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Cephalization

A

More developed brain

Neurons

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3
Q

Embryonic Developement

A

Brain and Spinal Cord start as neural tube

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4
Q

Neural Tube: 3 Primary Vesicles at Anterior End

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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5
Q

Neural Tube: Posterior End

A

Spinal Cord

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6
Q

Brain vs. Membranous Skull

A

Brain develops faster

  • Folds
  • Forebrain moved towards brain stem
  • Cerebral hemispheres envelope midbrain
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7
Q

Creases and Folds Purpose in Brain

A

Caused by developing fast

-Increases surface area

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8
Q

Regions of Brain

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebellum

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9
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Central cavity surrounded by gray matter

External white matter

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10
Q

Brain

A

Higher amounts of gray matter in brain
Two parts
-Cerebral hemispheres
-Cerebellum

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11
Q

Cortex

A

The outer gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum
-Disappears in brain stem- scatters

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12
Q

Ventricles of Brain

A

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Lined by ependymal cells
Connected to one another and to central canal of spinal cord

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13
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

Third ventricle via interventricular foramen

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14
Q

Third Ventricle

A

Fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct

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15
Q

Third and Fourth Ventricles

A

Paired, C-shaped lateral ventricles in cerebral hemispheres

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16
Q

Septum

A

Separating lateral ventricles of brain (Look at Diagram)

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17
Q

Gyrus (Gyri)

A

Ridge, mountain like

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18
Q

Sulcus (Sulci)

A

Valley

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19
Q

Fissure (Fissures)

A

Deep Groove

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20
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Location
-Right sagittal
Function/Purpose
-Makes right and left

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21
Q

Transverse Cerebral Fissure

A 
Location
-Cerebrum
-Cerebellum
Function/Purpose
-Makes top and bottom
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22
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres (5 Lobes)

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula
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23
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Separates frontal lobe and parietal lobe

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24
Q

Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

A

Separates occipital and parietal lobes

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25
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

Outlines temporal lobes

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26
Q

3 Layers of Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Cerebral Cortex
White Matter
Basal Nuclei

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27
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Gray matter superficially

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28
Q

White Matter

A

Internal

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29
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Deep within the white matter

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30
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Thin- superficial layer

40% mass of brain

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31
Q

Cerebral Cortex (Site of Conscious Mind)

A 
Awareness
Sensory Perception
Voluntary Motor Initiation (versus reflex)
Communication
Memory Storage
Understanding
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32
Q

Cerebral Cortex (Functional Areas)

A

Motor Area
Sensory Area
Association Area

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33
Q

Motor Area

A

Control voluntary movement

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34
Q

Sensory Area

A

Conscious awareness of sensation

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35
Q

Association Areas

A

Integrate diverse information

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36
Q

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cotrex

A

Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex in Precentral Gyrus
Premotor Cortex anterior to Precentral Gyrus

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37
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Control of voluntary movement

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38
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Long axons
-Corticospinal Tracts of spinal cord
-Allows conscious control of precise/skilled movements
Motor Homunculi
-upside-down caricatures
-Contralateral motor innervation of body regions

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39
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

Plans movement
Controls repetitious/patterned motor skills
Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions
Controls voluntary actions that depend of sensory feedback

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40
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Present in one hemisphere
-Left
Motor Speech area that directs muscles of speech production
Active in planning speech and voluntary motor activities

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41
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

In postcentral gyri of parietal lobe

  • Proprioceptors
  • Spatial Discrimination
  • Somatosensory Homunculus
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42
Q

Visual Areas

A

Visual Association Area

  • Surrounds primary visual cortex
  • Uses part experiences to interpret visual stimuli
  • Complex processes involves entire posterior half of cerebral hemispheres
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43
Q

Auditory Areas (2 Parts)

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

Auditory Association Area

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44
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Superior margin of temporal lobes

Interprets information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location

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45
Q

Auditory Association Area

A

Located posterior to primary auditory cortex

Stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sound stimulus

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46
Q

Vestibular Cortex

A

Responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)

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47
Q

Olfactory Cortex

A

Smell

  • Medial aspect of temporal lobes
  • Olfactory bulbs and tracts
  • Part of limbic system
  • Region of conscious awareness of odors
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48
Q

Gustatory Cortex

A

Deep to temporal lobe

Involved in perception of taste

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49
Q

Visceral Sensory Area

A 
Posterior to gustatory cortex
Conscious perception of visceral sensations
Examples
-Upset stomach 
-Full bladder
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50
Q

Multimodal Association Areas (3 Parts)

A

Anterior Association Area
Posterior Association Area
Limbic Association Area

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51
Q

Anterior Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex)

A

Involves
-Intellect
-Cognition
-Recall
-Personality
Contains working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning
Development depends on feedback from social environment

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52
Q

Posterior Association Area

A

Large Region:
-Temporal
-Parietal
-Occipital
Recognizes patterns and faces and localizing us in space
Involved in understanding written and spoken language (Wernicke’s Area)

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53
Q

Limbic Association Area

A

Part of Limbic System
Involves Hippocampus
Provides emotional impact, helps establish memories

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54
Q

Lateralization of Cortical Function

A

Hemispheres almost identical

Cerebral Dominance- dominate for language

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55
Q

Lateralization

A

Right and Left

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56
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Language
Math
Logic

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57
Q

Right Hemisphere

A 
Visual-spatial skills
Intuition
Emotion
Artistic Skills
Musical Skills
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58
Q

Hemisphere Communication

A

Instantly due to fiber tracts

59
Q

Cerebral White Matter

A

Myelinated fibers and tracts
Communication between cerebral areas, and between cortex and lower CNS
-same
-between

60
Q

Diencephalon (3 Paired Structures)

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

61
Q

Thalamus

A

80% of diencephalon
Bilateral nuclei connected by interthalamic adhesion
-Contains several nuclei, named for location
-Nuclei project and receive fibers from cerebral cortex

62
Q

Thalamus Function

A

Gateway to cerebral cortex
Sorts, edits, and relays ascending input
Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

63
Q

Hypothalamic Function

A 
Controls Autonomic Nervous System
Physical responses to emotions 
Regulates 
-Body temperature
-Hunger
-Thirst
-Wake-Sleep
-Endocrine System
64
Q

Epithalamus

A

Most dorsal portion of diencephalon

Pineal Gland

65
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Extends from posterior border and secretes melatonin

66
Q

Melatonin

A

Helps regulates sleep-wake cycle

67
Q

Brain Stem (3 Parts)

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

68
Q

Brain Stem

A

Similar structure to spinal cord but contains nuclei embedded in white matter
Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
Nuclei associated with 10 or the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

69
Q

Pons

A

4th ventricle separates pons and cerebellum
Fiber of pons:
-Connect higher brain centers and spinal cord
-Relay impulses between motor cortex and cerebellum
Origin of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), VII (facial)
Nuclei help maintain normal rhythm of breathing

70
Q

Medulla Oblongata (Medulla)

A

Joins spinal cord at foramen magnum
Contains choroid plexus of fourth ventricle
Two ventral longitudinal ridges formed by pyramidal tracts
Cranial nerves are associated with medulla
Several nuclei relay sensory information

71
Q

Decussation of Pyramids

A

Crossover of corticospinal tracts

72
Q

Inferior Olivary Nuclei

A

Relay sensory information from muscles and joints to cerebellum

73
Q

Vestibular System

A

(Pons and Medulla)

Mediate responses that maintain equilibrium

74
Q

Medulla Oblongata Functions

A

Autonomic reflex center
-Functions overlap with hypothalamus
Cardiovascular Center
Respiratory Center

75
Q

Cardiovascular Center

A

Cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction

Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation

76
Q

Respiratory Center

A

Generate respiratory rhythm

Control rate and depth of breathing

77
Q

Cerebellum

A

11% of brain mass
Dorsal to pons and medulla
Input from cortex, brain stem and sensory receptors
Allows smooth, coordinated movements

78
Q

Cerebellum Function

A

Receives impulses from cerebral cortex
-initiate voluntary muscle contraction
Role in thinking, language, and emotion

79
Q

Functional Brain Systems

A

Networks of neurons that work together but span wide areas of brain

  • Limbic System
  • Reticular Formation
80
Q

Limbic System

A

Structures on medial aspects of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
Located in Middle Brain

81
Q

Limbic System Function

A 
Emotional or affective brain
-Recognition
-Expression
Emotional Responses to odors
-Example skunks smell bad
Most output relayed via hypothalamus
82
Q

Limbic System: Emotion and Cognition

A

Limbic systems interacts with prefrontal lobes

  • React emotionally to things we consciously understand to be happening
  • Consciously aware of emotional richness in our lives
83
Q

Hippocampus

A

Plays a role in memory

84
Q

Brain Wave Patterns and EEG

A

EEG= Electroencephalogram
Records electrical activity that accompanies brain function
Measures electrical potential differences between various cortical areas

85
Q

Brain Waves

A

Patterns of neuronal electrical activity
Generated by synaptic activity in cortex
Each person’s brain waves are unique
Can be grouped into four classes based on frequency measured as Hertz (Hz)

86
Q

Types of Brain Waves

A

Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta

87
Q

Alpha

A

8-13 Hz

Regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude, synchronous waves indicating an “idling” brain

88
Q

Beta

A

14-30 Hz

Rhythmic, less regular waves occurring when mentally alert

89
Q

Theta

A

4-7 Hz

More irregular, common in children and uncommon in awake adults

90
Q

Delta

A

4 Hz or less

High-amplitude waves of deep sleep, indicate brain damage in awake adult

91
Q

Brain Waves: State of the Brain

A

Change with age, sensory stimuli, brain disease, and chemical state of brain
EEGs used to diagnose and localize brain lesions

92
Q

Epilepsy

A

Loss of consciousness, fall stiffly, and have uncontrollable jerking
Intelligence or lack there of
Incidence

93
Q

Aura

A

Sensory Hallucination may precede seizure

94
Q

Absence Seizures

A

Petit Mal

Mild seizures; few seconds

95
Q

Tonic-Clonic Seizures

A

Grand Mal

Most severe: few minutes

96
Q

Control of Epilepsy

A

Vagus Nerve stimulation or deep brain
-Simulators that affect certain areas of brain to prevent seizures
Anti-convulsive drugs

97
Q

Consciousness

A 
Perception of sensation
Movement
Loss of consciousness signal that brain function impaired
-Fainting/Syncopy
-Coma
98
Q

Sleep and Sleep Wake Cycles

A

Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep

Rapid Eye movement (REM) Sleep

99
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Abrupt lapse into sleep from awake state

Often have cataplexy

100
Q

Insommnia

A

Chronic inability to obtain amount/quality of sleep needed

101
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

Causes hypoxia

102
Q

Memory

A

Storage and retrieval of information

103
Q

Two Stages of Memory Storing

A

Short Term- not needed for life

Long Term- limitless capacity

104
Q

Factors Affecting Transfer from Short Term to Long Term Memory

A

Emotional State- Alert Motivated
Rehearsal
Association
Automatic Memory

105
Q

Protection of Brain

A

Bone
Membrane
Watery Cushion
Blood Brain Barrier

106
Q

Meninges

A

Cover and protect CNS
Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Form partitions in skull

107
Q

3 Layers of Meninges

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

108
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of meninges

109
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Middle layer with weblike extensions

110
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Contains CSF and largest blood vessels of brain

111
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Watery solution form from blood plasma
-Less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma
Constant volume

112
Q

Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Buoyancy
Protects
Nourishes

113
Q

Choroid Plexuses

A

Hang from roof of each ventricle: produce CSF at constant rate: keep in motion
Normal Volume: 150 mL, replaced every 8 hours

114
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Obstruction blocks CSF circulation or drainage
Unfused skull bones of newborn allow enlargement of head
Brain damage in adult due to rigid adult skull
Treated by draining with ventricular shunt to abdominal cavity

115
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Helps maintain stable environment for brain

Separates neurons from some blood borne substances

116
Q

Composition of Blood Brain Barrier

A

Contrinous endothelium of capillary walls

Thick basal lamina around cappilaries

117
Q

Function of Blood Brain Barrier

A

Selective Barrier

  • Allows nutrients to move by facilitated diffusion
  • Denies metabolic wastes, proteins, toxins, most drugs, small nonessential amino acids, and K+
  • Allows any fat-soluble substances to pass, including alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics
118
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances of the Brain

A

Traumatic Brain Injuries
OR
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA’s or Strokes)

119
Q

Concussion

A

Temporary

120
Q

Contusion

A

Permanent damage

121
Q

Subdural or Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Could result in death

122
Q

Cerebral Edema

A

Swelling of brain associated with traumatic head injury

123
Q

Ischemia

A

Tissue deprived of blood supply: brain tissue dies
Example
-Blockage of cerebral artery by blood clot

124
Q

Hemiplegia

A

One side

125
Q

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)

A

Temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia

126
Q

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)

A

Only approved for treatment of strokes

127
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons of substantia nigra
Basal nuclei deprived of dopamine become over-active; tremors at rest
Unknown Cause
Treated with L-Dopa: Deep brain stimulation

128
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Fatal hereditary disorder
-wild jerky flapping movements
Treated with drugs that block dopamine effects

129
Q

Spinal Cord Location

A

Begins at Foramen Magnum

Ends Lumbar 2 Vertebrae

130
Q

Spinal Cord Function

A

Provides 2-way communication to and from brain

Contains Spinal Reflex Centers

131
Q

Spinal Cord Protection

A

Bone, meninges, and CSF
Epidural Space- Cushioning
CSF in subarachnoid space
Dural and arachnoid membranes extend to sacrum

132
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 Pairs
Cervical and lumbosacral enlargements
-Nerves serving upper and lower limbs emerge here

133
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibers allow communication between:
-Parts of spinal cord
-Spinal cord to brain
Each spinal tract composed of axons with similar destinations

134
Q

3 Directions of White Matter

A

Ascending
Descending
Transverse

135
Q

White Matter Divided into 3 Columns on Each Side

A

Dorsal
Lateral
Ventral

136
Q

Ascending Pathways 3 Neurons

A

First
Second
Third
Transmit somatosensory information to sensory cortex via thalamus or terminate in the cerebellum

137
Q

First Neuron

A
  • Conducts impulses from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors
  • Branches diffusely as enters spinal cord or medulla
  • Synapses with second order neuron
138
Q

Second Neuron

A
  • Interneuron
  • Cell body in dorsal horn of spinal cord
  • Axons extend to thalamus or cerebellum
139
Q

Third Neuron

A
  • Interneuron
  • Cell body in thalamus
  • Axon extends to somatosensory cortex
140
Q

Spinal Cord Trauma

A

Functional Losses

  • Paresthesias- Sensory Loss
  • Paralysis- Loss of Motor Function
141
Q

Flaccid Paralysis

A

Severe damage to ventral root or ventral horn cells

-End result

142
Q

Paraplegia

A

Transection between Thoracic 1 and Lumbar 1

143
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Transection in Cervical Region

Anatomy and Physiology (27 decks)

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