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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

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2
Q

Examples of Nervous Tissues

A

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves

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3
Q

Examples of Muscles Tissues

A

Skeletal , Cardiac, Smooth

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4
Q

Examples of Epithelial Tissues

A

Lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs, skin surface

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5
Q

Examples of Connective Tissue

A

Bones, Tendons, Fat and other soft padding

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6
Q

Epithelial Tissues (Epithelium)

A

Forms boundaries
Two main types (by location)
-Covering and lining epithelium
-Glandular epithelium

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7
Q

Epithelial Functions

A 
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Excretion
Secretion
Sensory Reception
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8
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial

A 
Orientation
Specialized contacts
Supported by connective tissues
Avascular, but innervated
Can regenerate
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9
Q

Orientation of Epithelial Tissue

A

2 surfaces
-Apical- upper, free surface, exposed to exterior or cavity
-Basal- lower, attached
Both surfaces differ in structure and function

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10
Q

Apical Surface

A

Smooth and slick
Most have microvilli to increase surface area
Some have cilia

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11
Q

Basal Lamina

A

Adhesive sheet

Scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair

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12
Q

Specialized Contacts of Epithelial Tissue

A

Form continuous sheets
Specialized contacts bind adjacent cells
-Tight Junctions
-Desmosomes

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13
Q

Support of Epithelial

A 
Connective Tissue
-Network of collage 
Basement Membrane
-Basal lamina and reticular lamina
-Resists stretching and tearing
-Defines epithelial boundary
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14
Q

Avasularity with Epithelial Tissue

A

No blood vessels

Supplied by nerve cells

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15
Q

Regeneration in Epithelial Tissue

A

Highly regenerative

Stimulated by loss of apical-basal and lateral contacts

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16
Q

Classification of Epithelia

A

All have 2 names
One indicates number of cell layers
-Simple epithelia- single layer of cells
-Stratified epithelia- two or more layers of cells
–Shape can change in different layers
One indicates shape of cell
-Squamous
-Cuboidal
-Columnar
In Stratified epithelia, epithelia is classified by cell shape in apical layer

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17
Q

Squamous Cells

A
  • Flattened and scalelike

- Nucleus flattened

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18
Q

Cuboidal Cells

A
  • Boxlike

- Nucleus elongated

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19
Q

Columnar Cells

A
  • Tall; column shaped

- Nucleus elongated

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20
Q

Simple Epithelia

A

Absorption
Secretion
Filtration

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21
Q

Stratified Epithelial Tissues

A

Two or more cell layers
Regenerated from below
More durable than simple epithelia
Protection is major role

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22
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A 
Most widespread of stratified epithelia
Free surface squamous 
Deeper layers cuboidal or columnar 
Located for wear and tear
Varied viability
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23
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Quite rare
Location- some sweat and mammary glands
Typically 2 cell layers thick
Only apical layer columnar

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24
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Forms lining of hollow urinary organs
Basal layer cells are cuboidal or columnar
Ability to change shape with stretch
Apical cells vary in appearance

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25
Glandular Epithelia
Gland -One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion Classified by -Site of product release --endocrine or exocrine Relative number of cells forming the gland -unicellular (e.g. goblet cells) multicellular
26
Endocrine Glands
Ductless glands -Secretions not released into a duct Secrete (by exocytosis) hormones that travel through lymph or blood to their specific target organs Target organs respond in some characteristic way
27
Exocrine Glands
Secretions released onto skin or into body cavities More numerous than endocrine glands Secrete products into ducts Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands
28
Unicellular Exocrine Glands
The only important unicellular glands are mucous cells and goblet cells Found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts All produce a substance that dissolves in water to form mucus
29
Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct and a secretory unit Surrounded by supportive connective tissue -Supplies blood and nerve fibers -Extends into and divides glands into lobes
30
Connective Tissue
``` Most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues 4 main classes -Connective Tissue Proper -Cartilage -Bone -Blood ```
31
Major Functions of Connective Tissue
``` Binding and Support Protecting Insulating Storing reserve fuel Transporting substances (blood) ```
32
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Three characteristics make connectivity tissues different from other primary tissues - Have messenchyme (an embryonic tissue) as their common tissue of origin - Have varying degrees of vascularity - Have extracellular matrix - -Connective tissue not composed mainly of cells - -Largely nonliving extracellular matrix separates cells - ----So can bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse
33
Ground Substance
Unstructured material that fills space between cells -Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood and capillaries and cells Components -Interstitial Fluid -Cell adhesion proteins ("glue") -Protein fibers
34
Connective Tissue Fibers
3 types: Collagen Elastic Fibers Reticular
35
Collagen
Strongest and most abundant type | Provides high tensile strength
36
Elastic Fibers
All for stretch and recoil | Like a rubber band) (Elastic band
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Reticular
Short, fine, highly branched fibers, internal framework | Branch, forming networks that offer more "give"
38
Blast Cells
MAKE THE SUBSTANCE: mitotically active, secrete ground substance and fibers - Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper - Chrondroblasts in cartilage - Osteoblasts in bone - Stem cells in bone marrow
39
Cyte
Mature form: MAINTAIN matrix - Chondrocytes in cartilage - Osteocytes in bone
40
Fat cells
Store nutrients
41
White blood cells
Tissue response to injury
42
Mast cells
Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect
43
Macrophages
Phagocytic cells that "eat" dead cells microorganisms; function in immune system
44
Classification of Connective Tissue
``` All connective tissues expect bone, cartilage and blood Two subclasses -Loose Connective Tissues --Areolar --Adipose --Reticular -Dense/Fibrous Connective Tissues --Dense Regular --Dense Irregular --Elastic ```
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Adipose
Similar to areolar but greater nutrient storage Cell function -Stores nutrients
46
Reticular Connective Tissue
Resembles areolar but fibers are reticular fiber | Supports free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
47
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running parallel to direction of pull -Great resistance to pulling -Fibers slightly wavy so stretch a little Poorly vascularized Make up tendons and ligaments
48
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Same elements but bundles of collagen thicker and irregularly arranged Resists tension from many directions -Fibrous joint capsule
49
Elastic Connective Tissue
Similar but more stretchy than dense regular connective tissue Some ligaments very elastic -Those connecting adjacent vertebrae
50
Cartilage
``` Chondroblasts and chondrocytes Tough but flexible Lacks nerve fibers Up to 80% water- can rebound after compression Avascular -Retrieves nutrients from membrane surrounding it --Perichondrium Three Types of Cartilage -Hyaline Cartilage -Elastic Cartilage -Fibrocartilage ```
51
Bone
``` Also called osseous tissue Supports and protects body structures Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities Has inorganic calcium salts Osteoblasts produce matrix Osteocytes maintain the matrix Richly vascularized ```
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Blood
Most atypical connective tissue- is a fluid Suspension Red blood cells most common cell type Also contains white blood cells and platelets Functions in transport
53
Muscle Tissue
``` Highly vascularized Responsible for most types of movement Three Types -Skeletal -Cardiac -Smooth ```
54
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Found in skeletal muscle | Voluntary
55
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Found in walls of heart | Involuntary
56
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Mainly in walls of hollow organs other than heart | Involuntary
57
Nervous Tissue
``` Main component of nervous system -Brain, spinal cord, nerves -Regulates and controls body functions Neutrons -Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses ```
58
Mucous Membranes
Mucosae -line body cavities open to the exterior (e.g. digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts) Moist membranes bathed by secretions (or urine) May secrete mucus
59
Serous Membranes
Serosae- found in closed ventral body cavity Serous fluid between layers Moist membranes (E.g Pleurae, pericardium, peritoneum)
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Tissue Repair
``` Necessary when barriers are penetrated Cells must divide and migrate Occurs in two majors ways -Regeneration -Fibrosis ```
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Regenereation
Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue Original function restored Same action
62
Fibrosis
Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue Original function lost Seared- no function
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Steps of Tissue Repair
Inflammation Organization- restores blood supply Regeneration and Fibrosis
64
Inflammation
Release of inflammatory chemicals Dilation of blood vessels Increase in vessel permeability Clotting occurs
65
Organization- restores blood supply
Granulation tissue replaces clot Epithelium regenerates Collagen fibers form Debris is phagocytized
66
Regeneration and Fibrosis
Scab detaches Tissue matures Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue
67
Regenerative Capacity in Different Tissues
Regenerate extremely well -Epithelial tissues, bone, blood-forming tissue Virtually no functional regenerative capacity -Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of brain and spinal
68
Developmental Aspects
Primary "derm" layers - Superficial to deep: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - Specialize to form primary tissues

Anatomy and Physiology (27 decks)

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