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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

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2
Q

Examples of Nervous Tissues

A

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves

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3
Q

Examples of Muscles Tissues

A

Skeletal , Cardiac, Smooth

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4
Q

Examples of Epithelial Tissues

A

Lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs, skin surface

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5
Q

Examples of Connective Tissue

A

Bones, Tendons, Fat and other soft padding

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6
Q

Epithelial Tissues (Epithelium)

A

Forms boundaries
Two main types (by location)
-Covering and lining epithelium
-Glandular epithelium

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7
Q

Epithelial Functions

A 
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Excretion
Secretion
Sensory Reception
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8
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial

A 
Orientation
Specialized contacts
Supported by connective tissues
Avascular, but innervated
Can regenerate
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9
Q

Orientation of Epithelial Tissue

A

2 surfaces
-Apical- upper, free surface, exposed to exterior or cavity
-Basal- lower, attached
Both surfaces differ in structure and function

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10
Q

Apical Surface

A

Smooth and slick
Most have microvilli to increase surface area
Some have cilia

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11
Q

Basal Lamina

A

Adhesive sheet

Scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair

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12
Q

Specialized Contacts of Epithelial Tissue

A

Form continuous sheets
Specialized contacts bind adjacent cells
-Tight Junctions
-Desmosomes

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13
Q

Support of Epithelial

A 
Connective Tissue
-Network of collage 
Basement Membrane
-Basal lamina and reticular lamina
-Resists stretching and tearing
-Defines epithelial boundary
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14
Q

Avasularity with Epithelial Tissue

A

No blood vessels

Supplied by nerve cells

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15
Q

Regeneration in Epithelial Tissue

A

Highly regenerative

Stimulated by loss of apical-basal and lateral contacts

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16
Q

Classification of Epithelia

A

All have 2 names
One indicates number of cell layers
-Simple epithelia- single layer of cells
-Stratified epithelia- two or more layers of cells
–Shape can change in different layers
One indicates shape of cell
-Squamous
-Cuboidal
-Columnar
In Stratified epithelia, epithelia is classified by cell shape in apical layer

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17
Q

Squamous Cells

A
  • Flattened and scalelike

- Nucleus flattened

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18
Q

Cuboidal Cells

A
  • Boxlike

- Nucleus elongated

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19
Q

Columnar Cells

A
  • Tall; column shaped

- Nucleus elongated

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20
Q

Simple Epithelia

A

Absorption
Secretion
Filtration

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21
Q

Stratified Epithelial Tissues

A

Two or more cell layers
Regenerated from below
More durable than simple epithelia
Protection is major role

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22
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A 
Most widespread of stratified epithelia
Free surface squamous 
Deeper layers cuboidal or columnar 
Located for wear and tear
Varied viability
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23
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Quite rare
Location- some sweat and mammary glands
Typically 2 cell layers thick
Only apical layer columnar

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24
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Forms lining of hollow urinary organs
Basal layer cells are cuboidal or columnar
Ability to change shape with stretch
Apical cells vary in appearance

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25
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

Gland
-One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion
Classified by
-Site of product release
–endocrine or exocrine
Relative number of cells forming the gland
-unicellular (e.g. goblet cells) multicellular

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26
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Ductless glands
-Secretions not released into a duct
Secrete (by exocytosis) hormones that travel through lymph or blood to their specific target organs
Target organs respond in some characteristic way

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27
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secretions released onto skin or into body cavities
More numerous than endocrine glands
Secrete products into ducts
Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands

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28
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

A

The only important unicellular glands are mucous cells and goblet cells
Found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts
All produce a substance that dissolves in water to form mucus

29
Q

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

A

Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct and a secretory unit
Surrounded by supportive connective tissue
-Supplies blood and nerve fibers
-Extends into and divides glands into lobes

30
Q

Connective Tissue

A 
Most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues
4 main classes
-Connective Tissue Proper
-Cartilage
-Bone
-Blood
31
Q

Major Functions of Connective Tissue

A 
Binding and Support 
Protecting
Insulating
Storing reserve fuel 
Transporting substances (blood)
32
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A

Three characteristics make connectivity tissues different from other primary tissues

  • Have messenchyme (an embryonic tissue) as their common tissue of origin
  • Have varying degrees of vascularity
  • Have extracellular matrix
  • -Connective tissue not composed mainly of cells
  • -Largely nonliving extracellular matrix separates cells
  • —-So can bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse
33
Q

Ground Substance

A

Unstructured material that fills space between cells
-Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood and capillaries and cells
Components
-Interstitial Fluid
-Cell adhesion proteins (“glue”)
-Protein fibers

34
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers

A

3 types:
Collagen
Elastic Fibers
Reticular

35
Q

Collagen

A

Strongest and most abundant type

Provides high tensile strength

36
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

All for stretch and recoil

Like a rubber band) (Elastic band

37
Q

Reticular

A

Short, fine, highly branched fibers, internal framework

Branch, forming networks that offer more “give”

38
Q

Blast Cells

A

MAKE THE SUBSTANCE: mitotically active, secrete ground substance and fibers

  • Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper
  • Chrondroblasts in cartilage
  • Osteoblasts in bone
  • Stem cells in bone marrow
39
Q

Cyte

A

Mature form: MAINTAIN matrix

  • Chondrocytes in cartilage
  • Osteocytes in bone
40
Q

Fat cells

A

Store nutrients

41
Q

White blood cells

A

Tissue response to injury

42
Q

Mast cells

A

Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect

43
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells microorganisms; function in immune system

44
Q

Classification of Connective Tissue

A 
All connective tissues expect bone, cartilage and blood
Two subclasses
-Loose Connective Tissues
--Areolar
--Adipose
--Reticular
-Dense/Fibrous Connective Tissues
--Dense Regular 
--Dense Irregular
--Elastic
45
Q

Adipose

A

Similar to areolar but greater nutrient storage
Cell function
-Stores nutrients

46
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

Resembles areolar but fibers are reticular fiber

Supports free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow

47
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running parallel to direction of pull
-Great resistance to pulling
-Fibers slightly wavy so stretch a little
Poorly vascularized
Make up tendons and ligaments

48
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Same elements but bundles of collagen thicker and irregularly arranged
Resists tension from many directions
-Fibrous joint capsule

49
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

A

Similar but more stretchy than dense regular connective tissue
Some ligaments very elastic
-Those connecting adjacent vertebrae

50
Q

Cartilage

A 
Chondroblasts and chondrocytes 
Tough but flexible
Lacks nerve fibers
Up to 80% water- can rebound after compression
Avascular 
-Retrieves nutrients from membrane surrounding it 
--Perichondrium
Three Types of Cartilage
-Hyaline Cartilage
-Elastic Cartilage
-Fibrocartilage
51
Q

Bone

A 
Also called osseous tissue
Supports and protects body structures
Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities
Has inorganic calcium salts
Osteoblasts produce matrix
Osteocytes maintain the matrix
Richly vascularized
52
Q

Blood

A

Most atypical connective tissue- is a fluid
Suspension
Red blood cells most common cell type
Also contains white blood cells and platelets
Functions in transport

53
Q

Muscle Tissue

A 
Highly vascularized
Responsible for most types of movement
Three Types
-Skeletal
-Cardiac
-Smooth
54
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Found in skeletal muscle

Voluntary

55
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Found in walls of heart

Involuntary

56
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Mainly in walls of hollow organs other than heart

Involuntary

57
Q

Nervous Tissue

A 
Main component of nervous system
-Brain, spinal cord, nerves
-Regulates and controls body functions
Neutrons
-Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
58
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Mucosae
-line body cavities open to the exterior
(e.g. digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts)
Moist membranes bathed by secretions (or urine)
May secrete mucus

59
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Serosae- found in closed ventral body cavity
Serous fluid between layers
Moist membranes
(E.g Pleurae, pericardium, peritoneum)

60
Q

Tissue Repair

A 
Necessary when barriers are penetrated 
Cells must divide and migrate
Occurs in two majors ways
-Regeneration
-Fibrosis
61
Q

Regenereation

A

Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue
Original function restored
Same action

62
Q

Fibrosis

A

Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue
Original function lost
Seared- no function

63
Q

Steps of Tissue Repair

A

Inflammation
Organization- restores blood supply
Regeneration and Fibrosis

64
Q

Inflammation

A

Release of inflammatory chemicals
Dilation of blood vessels
Increase in vessel permeability
Clotting occurs

65
Q

Organization- restores blood supply

A

Granulation tissue replaces clot
Epithelium regenerates
Collagen fibers form
Debris is phagocytized

66
Q

Regeneration and Fibrosis

A

Scab detaches
Tissue matures
Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue

67
Q

Regenerative Capacity in Different Tissues

A

Regenerate extremely well
-Epithelial tissues, bone, blood-forming tissue
Virtually no functional regenerative capacity
-Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of brain and spinal

68
Q

Developmental Aspects

A

Primary “derm” layers

  • Superficial to deep: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
  • Specialize to form primary tissues

Anatomy and Physiology (27 decks)

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