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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A 
Study of Structure
Subdivisions
-Gross or macroscopic
-Microscopic
-Developmental
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2
Q

To Study Anatomy

A

Mastery of anatomical terminology, Observation, Manipulation, Palpation, Auscultation (audio)

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Function of the Body

Subdivisions are the 11 Organ systems

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4
Q

To Study Physiology

A

Ability to focus at many levels
Basic Principle
Chemical principles

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5
Q

Anatomy and Physiology Connection

A

Inseparable
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form

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6
Q

Levels of Structural Organization

A 
Chemical
Cellular 
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
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7
Q

Necessary Life Functions

A 
Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Dispose of Wastes
Reproduction
Growth
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8
Q

Maintaining Boundaries

A

Boundary between internal and external environments; plasma membranes and skin

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9
Q

Movement (contraction)

A 
of body parts (skeletal muscle)
Of substance (cardiac and smooth muscle)
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10
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
Withdrawal reflex
Control of breathing rate

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11
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs

Absorption of simple molecules into blood

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells

Catabolism and anabolism

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13
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

Urea, Carbon Dioxide, Feces

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14
Q

Reproduction

A

Cellular division for growth or repair

Production of offspring

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15
Q

Growth

A

Increase in size of a body part or of organism

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16
Q

Interdependence of Body Cells

A

Humans are multicellular
- to function, must keep individual cells alive
-all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
All body function spread among different organ systems
Organ systems cooperate to maintain life

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17
Q

Integumentary System

A

Skin, nails, hair, Boundary, and protection

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18
Q

Skeletal System

A

Bones, joints,

Posture, framework,

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19
Q

Muscular System

A

Muscles, tendons

Posture, movement

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20
Q

Nervous System

A

Brain, Spinal, Nerves

Control System

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21
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Heart, Blood Vessels

Transportation within the body; blood, oxygen

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22
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Red bone marrow, thymus, lymph node

Removes waste by taking the waste out of the blood vessels; immune system

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23
Q

Respiratory System

A

Lungs, Nasal Cavity, Trachea

Brings in oxygen, excretes carbon dioxide

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24
Q

Digestive System

A

Liver, Stomach, Intestine

Food source for energy; absorbs nutrients

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25
Q

Urinary System

A

Kidney, bladder

Regulates water and excretes wastes from body

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26
Q 
Reproductive System (Female)
Reproductive System (Male)
A

Mammary Glands, Uterus, Ovary
Produce milk, and life
Testis, Scrotum, Penis
Produces sperm for offspring

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27
Q

Endocrine System

A

Thyroid, Pineal gland, Pancreas, Adrenal Gland

Secretes hormones that regulate growth, nutrient use by the body cells

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28
Q

Survival Needs

A 
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal Body Temperature
Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
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29
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemical for energy and cell building

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins

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30
Q

Oxygen

A

Essential for energy release (ATP production)

31
Q

Water

A

Most abundant chemical in body
Environment of chemical reactions
Fluid base for secretions and excretions

32
Q

Normal Body Temperature

A

37C or 98.6F

Affects the rate of chemical reactions

33
Q

Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

A

For adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

34
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
A dynamic state of equilibrium
Maintained by contributions of all organ systems

35
Q

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

A

Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of all factors that can change (variables)
Communication necessary for monitoring and regulation
Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish communication via nerve impulses and hormones

36
Q

Components of a control Mechanism

A

Receptor (sensor)- monitors environment, responds to a stimuli
Control Center- determines set point at which variable maintained, receives input from receptor, determines appropriate response
Effector- receives output from control center, provides the mean to respond, Response either reduces stimulus (negative) or enhances stimulus (positive)

37
Q

Homeostasis Order

A

Receptor, Control Center, Effector

38
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Majority of mechanisms in body
Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus, opposite direction.
Examples: Body Temperature, Blood Glucose by insulin

39
Q

Example of Negative Feedback: Blood Glucose

A

Receptors sense increased blood glucose
Pancreas (control center) secretes insulin into the blood
Insulin causes body cells (effectors) to absorb more glucose, which decreases blood glucose levels

40
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment
Examples: Labor Contractions, Platelet Plug

41
Q

Example of Positive Feedback: Platelet Plug

A

Break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall
Platelets adhere to site and releases chemicals
Released chemicals attract more platelets
Ends when platelet plug is fully formed

42
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

A

Disturbance of homeostasis:

  • increases risk of disease
  • contributes to changes associated with aging (body less efficient)
  • If negative feedback mechanisms overwhelmed (destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over)
43
Q

Anatomical Position (Standard Position)

A

Body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward (thumbs point away from the body)
Always use directional terms as if body is in anatomical position
Right and Left refer to body being viewed, not those of observer

44
Q

Regional Body Terms

A

Cephalic, Cervical, Abdominal, Pelvic, Pubic, Upper limb, Brachial, manus, lower limb, and pedal

45
Q

Directional Terms

A

Superior (cranial), Inferior (caudal), Ventral (anterior), Dorsal (posterior), Medial, Lateral, Intermediate, Proximal, Distal, Superficial (external), Deep (internal)

46
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

Toward the head end, or upper part of a structure of the body; above
Ex. The head is superior to the abdomen

47
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Away from the head, toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below
Ex. The navel is inferior to the chin

48
Q

Ventral (anterior)

A

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Ex. The breastbone is anterior to the spine

49
Q

Dorsal (posterior)

A

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Ex. The heart is posterior to the breastbone

50
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side

Ex. The heart is medial to the arm

51
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body; the outer side of the body
Ex. The arms are lateral to the chest

52
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Ex. The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

53
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist

54
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Ex. The knee is distal to the thigh

55
Q

Superficial (external)

A

Toward or at the body surface; more external

Ex. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

56
Q

Deep (internal)

A

Away from the body surface; more internal

Ex. The lungs are deep to the skin

57
Q

Two Major Divisions of the Body

A

Axial (head, neck, trunk)

Appendicular (limbs; arms, legs)

58
Q

Anatomical Variability

A

Humans differ externally and internally

Not every Body is exactly the same, some blood vessels, or nerves may be out of place

59
Q

Body Plane

A

Flat surface along which body or structure may be cut for anatomical study

60
Q

Sections

A

Cuts or sections made along a body plane

61
Q

3 Common Body Planes

A

Sagittal Plane
Frontal (coronal) Plane
Transverse (horizontal) Plane

62
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Divides body into left and right parts

  • Midsagittal- lies on midline
  • Parasagittal- not on midline
63
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts

64
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Divides body horizontally (90 degree to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts

65
Q

Oblique Section

A

Result of cuts at angle other than 90 degree to vertical plane

66
Q

Body Cavities

A

2 Sets of internal body cavities (closed to environment)
Provides different degrees of protection to organs
*Dorsal Body Cavity
*Ventral Body Cavity

67
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

Protects nervous system
2 Subdivisions
-Cranial Cavity (encases brain)
-Vertebral Cavity (encases spinal cord)

68
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A 
Houses internal organs (viscera)
2 Subdivisions (separated by diaphragm) 
-Thoracic cavity
-Abdominopelvic Cavity
69
Q

Thoracic Cavity Subdivisions

A

2 Pleural Cavities- each surround a lung
Mediastinum- Contains pericardial cavity, surrounds thoracic organs
Pericardial Cavity- Encloses heart

70
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity Subdivisions

A

Abdominal Cavity- contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Pelvic Cavity- contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum

71
Q

Serous Membranes

A 
Named for specific cavity and organs with which associated
Each has parietal and visceral layers
-pericardium- heart
-pleurae- lungs
peritoneum- abdominopelvic cavity
72
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

A

4
Divisions used primarily by medical personnel
See Picture Card

73
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions

A

9
Divisions used primarily by anatomists
See Picture Card

74
Q

Other Body Cavities

A 
Exposed to environment
-Oral and digestive cavities
-Nasal cavities
-Orbital cavities 
-Middle ear cavities
Not exposed to environment
-Synovial cavities

Anatomy and Physiology (27 decks)

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