Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of Structure Subdivisions -Gross or macroscopic -Microscopic -Developmental
To Study Anatomy
Mastery of anatomical terminology, Observation, Manipulation, Palpation, Auscultation (audio)
Physiology
Function of the Body
Subdivisions are the 11 Organ systems
To Study Physiology
Ability to focus at many levels
Basic Principle
Chemical principles
Anatomy and Physiology Connection
Inseparable
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form
Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Dispose of Wastes Reproduction Growth
Maintaining Boundaries
Boundary between internal and external environments; plasma membranes and skin
Movement (contraction)
of body parts (skeletal muscle) Of substance (cardiac and smooth muscle)
Responsiveness
Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
Withdrawal reflex
Control of breathing rate
Digestion
Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
Absorption of simple molecules into blood
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
Catabolism and anabolism
Excretion
Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
Urea, Carbon Dioxide, Feces
Reproduction
Cellular division for growth or repair
Production of offspring
Growth
Increase in size of a body part or of organism
Interdependence of Body Cells
Humans are multicellular
- to function, must keep individual cells alive
-all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
All body function spread among different organ systems
Organ systems cooperate to maintain life
Integumentary System
Skin, nails, hair, Boundary, and protection
Skeletal System
Bones, joints,
Posture, framework,
Muscular System
Muscles, tendons
Posture, movement
Nervous System
Brain, Spinal, Nerves
Control System
Cardiovascular System
Heart, Blood Vessels
Transportation within the body; blood, oxygen
Lymphatic System
Red bone marrow, thymus, lymph node
Removes waste by taking the waste out of the blood vessels; immune system
Respiratory System
Lungs, Nasal Cavity, Trachea
Brings in oxygen, excretes carbon dioxide
Digestive System
Liver, Stomach, Intestine
Food source for energy; absorbs nutrients
Urinary System
Kidney, bladder
Regulates water and excretes wastes from body
Reproductive System (Female) Reproductive System (Male)
Mammary Glands, Uterus, Ovary
Produce milk, and life
Testis, Scrotum, Penis
Produces sperm for offspring
Endocrine System
Thyroid, Pineal gland, Pancreas, Adrenal Gland
Secretes hormones that regulate growth, nutrient use by the body cells
Survival Needs
Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal Body Temperature Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
Nutrients
Chemical for energy and cell building
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins
Oxygen
Essential for energy release (ATP production)
Water
Most abundant chemical in body
Environment of chemical reactions
Fluid base for secretions and excretions
Normal Body Temperature
37C or 98.6F
Affects the rate of chemical reactions
Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
For adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
Homeostasis
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
A dynamic state of equilibrium
Maintained by contributions of all organ systems
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of all factors that can change (variables)
Communication necessary for monitoring and regulation
Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish communication via nerve impulses and hormones
Components of a control Mechanism
Receptor (sensor)- monitors environment, responds to a stimuli
Control Center- determines set point at which variable maintained, receives input from receptor, determines appropriate response
Effector- receives output from control center, provides the mean to respond, Response either reduces stimulus (negative) or enhances stimulus (positive)
Homeostasis Order
Receptor, Control Center, Effector
Negative Feedback
Majority of mechanisms in body
Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus, opposite direction.
Examples: Body Temperature, Blood Glucose by insulin
Example of Negative Feedback: Blood Glucose
Receptors sense increased blood glucose
Pancreas (control center) secretes insulin into the blood
Insulin causes body cells (effectors) to absorb more glucose, which decreases blood glucose levels
Positive Feedback
Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment
Examples: Labor Contractions, Platelet Plug
Example of Positive Feedback: Platelet Plug
Break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall
Platelets adhere to site and releases chemicals
Released chemicals attract more platelets
Ends when platelet plug is fully formed
Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis:
- increases risk of disease
- contributes to changes associated with aging (body less efficient)
- If negative feedback mechanisms overwhelmed (destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over)
Anatomical Position (Standard Position)
Body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward (thumbs point away from the body)
Always use directional terms as if body is in anatomical position
Right and Left refer to body being viewed, not those of observer
Regional Body Terms
Cephalic, Cervical, Abdominal, Pelvic, Pubic, Upper limb, Brachial, manus, lower limb, and pedal
Directional Terms
Superior (cranial), Inferior (caudal), Ventral (anterior), Dorsal (posterior), Medial, Lateral, Intermediate, Proximal, Distal, Superficial (external), Deep (internal)
Superior (cranial)
Toward the head end, or upper part of a structure of the body; above
Ex. The head is superior to the abdomen
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head, toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below
Ex. The navel is inferior to the chin
Ventral (anterior)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Ex. The breastbone is anterior to the spine
Dorsal (posterior)
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Ex. The heart is posterior to the breastbone
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side
Ex. The heart is medial to the arm
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; the outer side of the body
Ex. The arms are lateral to the chest
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Ex. The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist
Distal
Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Ex. The knee is distal to the thigh
Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface; more external
Ex. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal
Ex. The lungs are deep to the skin
Two Major Divisions of the Body
Axial (head, neck, trunk)
Appendicular (limbs; arms, legs)
Anatomical Variability
Humans differ externally and internally
Not every Body is exactly the same, some blood vessels, or nerves may be out of place
Body Plane
Flat surface along which body or structure may be cut for anatomical study
Sections
Cuts or sections made along a body plane
3 Common Body Planes
Sagittal Plane
Frontal (coronal) Plane
Transverse (horizontal) Plane
Sagittal Plane
Divides body into left and right parts
- Midsagittal- lies on midline
- Parasagittal- not on midline
Frontal Plane
Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse Plane
Divides body horizontally (90 degree to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts
Oblique Section
Result of cuts at angle other than 90 degree to vertical plane
Body Cavities
2 Sets of internal body cavities (closed to environment)
Provides different degrees of protection to organs
*Dorsal Body Cavity
*Ventral Body Cavity
Dorsal Body Cavity
Protects nervous system
2 Subdivisions
-Cranial Cavity (encases brain)
-Vertebral Cavity (encases spinal cord)
Ventral Body Cavity
Houses internal organs (viscera) 2 Subdivisions (separated by diaphragm) -Thoracic cavity -Abdominopelvic Cavity
Thoracic Cavity Subdivisions
2 Pleural Cavities- each surround a lung
Mediastinum- Contains pericardial cavity, surrounds thoracic organs
Pericardial Cavity- Encloses heart
Abdominopelvic Cavity Subdivisions
Abdominal Cavity- contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Pelvic Cavity- contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum
Serous Membranes
Named for specific cavity and organs with which associated Each has parietal and visceral layers -pericardium- heart -pleurae- lungs peritoneum- abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
4
Divisions used primarily by medical personnel
See Picture Card
Abdominopelvic Regions
9
Divisions used primarily by anatomists
See Picture Card
Other Body Cavities
Exposed to environment -Oral and digestive cavities -Nasal cavities -Orbital cavities -Middle ear cavities Not exposed to environment -Synovial cavities
