Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

how do male and female writers use language differently according to computers?

A

women tend to use more question marks and emotionally intensive adjectives (very, really), have sentimental writing style
men use words to express independence (I, my)

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2
Q

can humans detect spoken and written language sex differences?

A

no
ex. J.K rowling was actually a girl but put the book under this name so boys would read the book

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3
Q

what debates occur about language?

A

ex. saying mrs or ms, saying homosexual or gay
some people view this as unnecessary political correctness

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4
Q

what is political correctness?

A

the social norm (often viewed as taken to an extreme) that people should avoid language or acts that might offend, marginalize or exclude members of socially disadvantaged groups

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5
Q

what is the whorfian hypothesis?

A

proposes that a person who uses one set of words or speaks one language may actually see the world differently than a person who uses a different set of words or speaks a different language

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6
Q

what evidence supports the whorfian hypotheisis?

A

language that people use to describe sexual and domestic violence
found that passive voice (“rape was reported”) when talking about SA or rape, they dont talk about the person that raped the other, whereas for a murder they will say “the perpetrator attacked the victim”
ex. male to female partner violence was reported in passive voice wordings “she was beaten” while descriptions of femlae to male partner violence was reported in active voice wording “she beat him”

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7
Q

what is an example of how people sometimes legitimize experiences by inventing new words?

A

ex. acknowledging that IPV was an issue, this created IPV rape illegal
people might also transform the meaning of words to feel powerful, ex. gay people taking the word fag back

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8
Q

what is the different cultures approach?

A

the belief taht boys and girls are socialized to use language so differently that they may as well come from different “cultures,” which leads to communication

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9
Q

who talks more, men or women?

A

no significant sex difference

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10
Q

who talks more, men or women?
who talks more, girls or boys?

A

men slightly
girls slightly

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11
Q

why do girls talk more and why do men talk more?

A

girls: because mothers talk more to their children than fathers and they talk more to their daughters
men: talk more in task- oriented, mixed- sex groups

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12
Q

who interrupts more, men or women?

A

depends on the type of interpretation:
ex. interrupting can be seen as trying to assert dominance, found more in men when they interrupt to share their opinion in order to dominate the conversation for example
ex. can be seen as simultaneous overlapping talk that is supportive and cooperative, found more in women when they are supporting a friend for example

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13
Q

according to scientists is gossip considered good or bad?

A

good as it enhances a groups moral norms which allows people to bond with others (ex. you and tori both hate tia)

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14
Q

gossip can be used as a form of relational aggression, what is relational aggression?

A

a subtle form of aggression, usually committed when the target is not physically present, that is intended to harm the targets social relationships or status (people who lack status may use gossip as a way of gaining power when they are blocked from other routes to power)

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15
Q

who gossips more, men or women?

A

both are relatively the same but women show more interest in information about same sex others and more often use gossip as a form of relational aggression
women engage more in positive gossip
men engage more in negative gossip

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16
Q

when looking at social media, what types of things do women say in comparison to men?

A

women: use more social words (ex. symbols, say love you) use more emotion words (ex. excited), talk about friends and family more, affiliative language (ex. polite)
men: swearing, use possessive language when talking about their partner, talk about objects (ex. xbox), argumentative language

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17
Q

how do men and women not differ based on their language on social media?

A

both are assertive

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18
Q

in face to face language what is the correlation with assertiveness? affiliative speech? tentative/ hesitant language? self disclosure? (is it found more in men or women)

A

assertiveness: close to zero
affiliative: found more in women
tentative (hesitant/ uncertain): found more in women
self- disclosure: found more in women
(all of these correlations are not very strong though)

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19
Q

when discussing sex differences in men and womens communication patterns, what is important to note in research?

A

education level
class
race
ethnicity
sexual orientation
gender identity
(MOST RESEARCH ONLY LOOKS AT WHITE SAMPLES)

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20
Q

what is code switching?

A

strategically switching back and forth between languages and their different cultural meanings
ex. fakaleiti people who are tonga natives associate english with status and prestige (they code switch between english and tongan)
ex. can also occur with dialects of the same language, black people use “formal english” in the classroom but use “black english” outside the class to show people their experiences as black americans

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21
Q

what counts as nonverbal behaviour?

A

speech tone
pitch
infection count
(all use sound but not language)
eye contact (occurs most in women to women convos)
personal space and touch
body posture and gait
emotions

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22
Q

what shapes nonverbal behaviours?

A

sex
culture

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23
Q

who smiles more, women or men? in what cultures?

A

women
across all cultures

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24
Q

what is visual dominance?

A

a pattern of eye contact in which a person looks at others when speaking and looks away when listening (normally found in men, its opposite for women)

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25
Q

how does eye contact differ in western cultures compared to east asian cultures?

A

western: eye contact shows youre being truthful
east asian: looking away is a sign of respect and too much eye contact is disrespectful

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26
Q

what is the pattern of personal space amongst men in western cultures, mediterranean and latin men, arab men?

A

western: men like a large personal space bubble around other men (corresponds with having a more dominant personality)
med, latin and arab: small personal space compared to US

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27
Q

who touches more, men or women? wives or husbands? women with women or men with men? on a sports team why might a team do better if they have more touch (chest bumps, hugs)?

A

women
wives
women and women
releases oxytocin

28
Q

touch releases oxytocin, what is that?

A

a neurotransmitter that facilitates bonding and coordination

29
Q

how can posture assert dominance?

A

taking up space called expansive postures (spreading legs, power pose (like amelia shepard), man spreading)

30
Q

what is gait?

A

a persons manner of walking

31
Q

what gait is considered masculine and feminine?

A

fem: walking with swaying hips
masc: walking with swaggering shoulders

32
Q

how can people identify a walkers sexual orientation based on gender- atypical gaits?

A

swaying hips in men
swaggering shoulders in women

33
Q

what is the subordination hypothesis?

A

predicts that men should show the same nonverbal behaviors as higher- status individuals
predicts that women should show the same nonverbal behaviors as lower- status individuals

34
Q

what are the 6 basic emotions?

A

happiness
fear
disgust
surprise
anger
sadness

35
Q

are the 6 different emotions accurately recognized across cultures?

A

happiness, anger and emotions of ones in groups are most accurately recognized

36
Q

what are display rules?

A

culture- specific norms that regulate how, when and whether individuals should express particular emotions
ex. women should always be happy

37
Q

how can violating display rules bring social penalties?

A

women are criticized when they dont smile (man telling you to smile more)
male managers express negative emotions and suppress positive emotions, this can be costly for women as they might get upset with all the anger attacking them
black men in the US may face penalties for expressing anger that white men do not face

38
Q

what is the teddy bear effect?

A

black men who appear physically nonthreatening may have an advantage in seeking high- status positions because they do not activate stereotypes about black men as aggressive (ex. obama)
ex. black male CEOs are seen as more “baby faced” and warmer than white male CEOs

39
Q

what do emotions refer to?

A

how people feel emotions (intensity)
how people express emotions

40
Q

who is generally more emotional, women or men?

A

they are similarly emotional but tend to express different emotions
women experience more affiliative emotions (warmth and love) and vulnerable emotions (sadness)
men experience more anger and pride

41
Q

what does the one side of the debate have to say in respect to women not being more emotional than men?

A

people may perceive sex differences in emotionality that do not exist
researchers often use biased definitions of emotion
women report getting more intensely angry than men

42
Q

what does the one side of the debate have to say in respect to women being more emotional than men?

A

women report more intense affiliative emotions, vulnerable and self conscious emotions
girls cry more than boys (starting at age 2)
women are more expressive
women use emotional language

42
Q
A
43
Q

biologically, how are boys and girls show temperament differently?

A

boys: higher arousal and activity levels
girls: better impulse control and attention

44
Q

boys are socialized to suppress the expression of certain emotions, what might be the consequences?

A

bad health outcomes
show outward- focused emotions (anger)

45
Q

what does the generic masculine refer to?

A

the tradition of using male gendered terms to refer to mixed- sex groups, sex- unspecified groups or people in general
ex. saying “hey guys” when refering to a mixed - sex group, you would never say “hey gals”

46
Q

what is a bad thing about the generic masculine?

A

causes girls to be invisible
selectively applied, sometimes men means men and women (i.e. “hey guys”) but sometimes it doesn’t (i.e. “men are able to vote” this did NOT include women)
nonbinary people arent included

47
Q

how can we include nonbinary people in everyday language?

A

refer to everyone as they/ them
create new pronouns that are singular (ze/ zir)
practice of stating personal pronouns

48
Q

what is grammatical gender?

A

when nouns are classified as masculine, feminine and sometimes neutral, which thus enhances gender distinctions within a culture
ex. in french a chair is feminine

49
Q

what introduces gender into language?

A

certain languages like french
gendered suffixes (ex. host or hostess, waiter or waitress)
unnecessary qualifiers to a role (ex. male nurse or female nurse)

50
Q

what are diminutives?

A

a form of a word used to indicate a smaller, less powerful or more familiar version (ex. daddy or duckling, they are only used at specific instances)

51
Q

how can gender labels also be used as diminutives?

A

ex. in the united states when people refer to adult women as girls (calling a grown woman a girl can be a way of reducing their social status)

52
Q

what was the 17th century principle of coverture?

A

common law that transferred a woman’s legal rights and property to her husband upon marriage, thus erasing a womans identity (ex. woman giving up her last name after getting married)

53
Q

what is encoding accuracy?

A

the ability to communicate nonverbally in a clear manner that others can interpret correctly

54
Q

what is decoding accuracy?

A

the ability to read teh nonverbal communications of others correctly

55
Q

who is more expressive on average, men or women? who is better at producing nonverbal behaviors, men or women? who is better at decoding, men or women?

A

women
women
women (because they have female typed traits like warmth and kindness)

56
Q

how does empathy have both cognitive and affective components?

A

involves both understanding and feeling emotions

57
Q

who was the first scientist to study human emotions?

A

charles darwin

58
Q

what did darwin note about his study relating to emotions?

A

humans and animals are similar emotionally
animals mimic the destress of others

59
Q

what is emotional contagion?

A

a persons emotions directly trigger similar emotions in others (lays the foundation of empathy)

60
Q

what are mirror neurons?

A

neurons that fired both when monkeys performed a behavior and when they watched others perform the same behavior

61
Q

waht results does an EEG show on sex differences in empathy compared to fMRI?

A

EEG shows that women show higher empathetic responding
fMRI shows no overall evidence for a sex difference in empathy

62
Q

what is emotional intelligence?

A

ability to identify and manage ones own emotions and the emotions of others and to use emotions to solve problems
(men estimate to score higher on emotional intelligence but women end up scoring higher)

63
Q

what purpose does empathy serve?

A

helps people be moral
motivates them to help others
prevents them from hurting others

64
Q

what characteristics are you said to have if you score high on empathy related measures?

A

better mental health
better interpersonal relationships
higher marital satisfaction