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Psychology of Gender- textbook > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

why might a female instructor be seen as a bad professor?

A

because she violates her gender stereotypes

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2
Q

what are gender stereotypes?

A

shared beliefs about the traits, qualities and tendencies associated with different sex categories

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3
Q

is it possible that we use gender stereotypes without knowing?

A

yas

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4
Q

what is a stereotype?

A

societies judgement on different groups of people
ex. the belief that “all grandmothers are sweet”

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5
Q

if you consider women to be bossy and men to be lazy is that a stereotype?

A

no because not many other people believe that

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6
Q

what is a generalization?

A

one of the defining features of stereotyping because a stereotype is basically a generalization about the members of a given social category
ex. automatically categorize people into social groups on the basis of appearance or other distinguishing features and then generalize

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7
Q

what are men stereotyped as?

A

strong and tall
messy
hardworking
interested in sports

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8
Q

what are women stereotyped as?

A

smily and expressive
concerned about their appearance
well suited to occupations in teaching and nursing

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9
Q

what are the 4 primary components of gender stereotypes?

A

trait dimensions
role behaviors
occupations
physical appearance

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10
Q

what are two trait dimensions that underlie a lot of gender stereotypes?

A

communion (warmth, kindness) –> considered feminine
agency (competence, assertiveness) –> considered masculine

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11
Q

what is the stereotype content model?

A

theory proposing that stereotypes about social groups fall in communion and agency dimensions and that groups may be seen as high or low on both dimensions

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12
Q

how do role behaviors and occupations relate to trait dimensions?

A

ex. role behaviours such as providing emotional support is associated with communion while being a leader is associated with a man
ex. occupations such as nursing is associated with communion (women) while firefighters are associated with agency (masculine)

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13
Q

are stereotypes around the world similar?

A

yes
women= nurturance, agreeableness and affection
men= adventurous, independent, dominant

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14
Q

what kinds of commercials are women in?
what about men?

A

women: beauty products, personal care products, toiletries and cleaning products
men: technical products and cars

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15
Q

what is the women are wonderful effect?

A

the tendency for people to view stereotypes about women more favorably than they view stereotypes about men and accordingly to view women very positively

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16
Q

what 3 main points do researchers argue about the women are wonderful effect?

A
  1. favorable stereotypes about women (warm, nurturing) only apply to women who conform to traditional gender role expectations (ex. womens rights activists arent viewed as warm)
  2. applies mostly to white, middle class women who fill traditional domestic roles (no job)
  3. being stereotyped positively does not offer women a route to social status and power
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17
Q

how do black, asian american and latinx people describe white women?

A

dumb, sexually easy, beautiful

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18
Q

what is the think manager think male effect?

A

an effect in which stereotypes of men and managers overlap more strongly than stereotypes of women and managers thus creating the ideology that agentic traits are better for manager positions

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19
Q

what shift has now occured with managers?

A

women managers are now seen more favorably than previously
male manager ratings stayed the same

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20
Q

why did the manager shift occur?

A

change in the beliefs about the traits of good managers (ppl are more sensitive now)
changes in the beliefs about the traits associated with women (ppl are more open to womens pov)

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21
Q

how can we decrease stereotyping?

A

when encountering individuals view them as belonging to more differentiated subgroups (ex. athletic female, hippie male)
ex. hippie men are viewed as higher in competence but lower in warmth than housewife women

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22
Q

example of how stereotypes about people who occupy multiple subordinate status categories likely to contain unique elements not found in stereotypes of any of the individual groups?

A

ex. latina lesbians with disabilities (multiple subordinate status categories) are not found in stereotypes of any of the individual groups (people with disabilities, latin people and lesbians)
ex. white women were seen as ditsy and sexually liberal but these traits were not associated with either “white people” or “women”

23
Q

what is a prototype?

A

the most typical cognitive representation of a category with social groups, the prototype is the cultural default for representing the group

24
Q

what is intersectional theory?

A

theory that reflects the fact that cultural stereotypes about gender and ethnicity are rooted in systems of power in which the most powerful members of social groups serve as the prototypes of those groups
ex. stereotypes about black people and evoke images of black men. stereotypes about women and men evoke images of white women and white men

25
Q

do stereotypes of transwomen overlap more with cisgender men or do transmen overlap more with stereotypes of cisgender women?

A

transmen (biological woman) overlap more with cisgender women

26
Q

what is the sexual inversion theory?

A

stereotypes that gay men and lesbians are similar to members of the other sex. “external appearance of one sex but and internal experience of the other sex”
ex. gay men are like women (feminine personality traits)
lesbians are like men (theyre agentic and dominant)

27
Q

what are some subgroups for gay men?

A

flamboyant, feminine (high in communion and low in agency)
hypermasculine, activist (low in communion and high in agency)

28
Q

how are bisexual women stereotyped?

A

as having an unstable sexual orientation that is likely to change

29
Q

why is there barely any research on heterosexual stereotypes?

A

because of heteronormativity (it is normal to be heterosexual)

30
Q

why do we have stereotypes? from evolutionary perspective

A

associate women with warmth and domesticity because women evolved to have high levels of these tendencies via natural selection
associate men with agency, assertiveness and risk taking because such traits facilitated mens likelihood of surviving and reproducing which became encoded in mens genes
men and women have evolved to have different personality and behavioral tendencies because they faced different adaptive problems during humans’ ancestry

31
Q

what is the principal of intersexual selection?

A

women are relatively selective in their choice of mates, ancestral men who demonstrated desirable qualities would have had the most success in attracting mates

32
Q

what is the principal of intrasexual selection?

A

male members of most species typically have to compete with each other for access to female mates
ex. ancestral men who had traits such as aggressiveness and strength would have been more likely to win intrasexual competitions and climb to the top of social dominance hierarchies

33
Q

what is social role theory?

A

emphasizes how stereotypes emerge from sex- based divisions of labor (women and men have historically occupied different social roles and labor roles)

34
Q

what is biosocial constructionist theory?

A

suggests that physical differences between men and women account for sex based divisions of labor
according to this perspective, all human societies benefit from dividing labor activities such as infant care

35
Q

what are the two outcomes that follow sex- based labor divisions? (ex. woman is a nurse and man is in trades)

A
  1. peoples gender stereotypes reflect their observations of what people of different sexes do in their daily lives
  2. cultures socialize children to adopt the traits and preferences that will facilitate performance of their future labor activities
    ex. girls are encouraged to be kind, emotionally responsive and tidy
36
Q

what are gender prescriptions?

A

traits that people believe women and men should exhibit
ex. women prescriptions include warm, interested in children and attentive appearance

37
Q

what are gender proscriptions?

A

traits that women and men should not exhibit
ex. women proscriptions include rebellious, arrogant and slutty

38
Q

what is the status incongruity hypothesis?

A

assumption that gender role- violating women are viewed negatively because they are seen as too dominant while gender role- violating men are viewed negatively because they are seen as too low in status. these perceptions violate the gender status hierarchy and make people uncomfortable

39
Q

what is the status incongruity hypothesis?

A

assumption that gender role- violating women are viewed negatively because they are seen as too dominant while gender role- violating men are viewed negatively because they are seen as too low in status. these perceptions violate the gender status hierarchy and make people uncomfortable
ex. people stigmatize women who belong to nontraditional subgroups (feminists…) because they seem “too high” in dominance

40
Q

if women can demonstrate agentic traits associated with high status, then why do we routinely allow certain men more access to power and status than women?

A

to avoid this question, we penalize women who display high- status, agentic traits by viewing them as less likeable and less hireable than similarly agentic men

41
Q

what is stereotype threat?

A

members of negatively stereotyped groups often feel anxiety about the possibility of confirming negative group stereotypes (anxiety individuals feel when concerned that their behavior or performance might confirm a negative group stereotype)
ex. pansexual people are weird, so they wont sit under the stairs cause they dont want to confirm that negative stereotype

42
Q

what is the self fulfilling prophecy?

A

the interpersonal process in which a perceiver’s expectation about a target influences the targets behavior in such a manner that the targets behavior fulfills the perceivers expectation
existence of this prophecy means that gender stereotypes can become true not because of inborn, biological factors but due merely to biased expectations

43
Q

are gender stereotypes accurate?

A

according to research, yes

44
Q

what is direction accuracy?

A

refers to which group (men or women) have more of a given quality thatn the other
ex. if we stereotype men as stronger than women and the average man actually outperforms the average woman on tests of physical strength then the stereotype would be considered accurate

45
Q

what is discrepancy accuracy?

A

conceptualizes accuracy in absolute terms. to assess this accuracy researchers compute discrepancy scores between peoples beliefs about the size of a sex difference and the actual size of the sex difference
ex. ask people to rate how warm both women and men are and use those ratings to calculate an effect size for the stereotyped sex difference in warmth, we could then compare this to the effect size for the actual sex difference on warmth. this comparison would reveal the degree to which peoples stereotypes overestimate, underestimate or match the actual sex difference

45
Q

what are statistical beliefs?

A

beliefs about categories that involve numbers or proportions

45
Q

what are generic beliefs?

A

beliefs about categories as wholes without reference to numbers or proportions

46
Q

what does it mean that the value that people place on intelligence, and the links between intelligence and achievement and gender stereotypes about cognitive ability can have powerful consequences for the outcomes of women and men?

A

ex. if members of a given culture stereotype boys as more skilled at science than girls then that culture might structure educational settings and opportunities in a manner that more effectively fosters science abilities in boys than in girls

47
Q

what is the big five personality dimensions?

A

five primary dimensions that underlie differences in personality (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience)

48
Q

what is rank order accuracy?

A

accuracy regarding the relative sizes of sex differences across different domains

49
Q

how is rank order accuracy examined?

A

by computing correlations between stereotyped and actual sex differences across several dimensions (high correlation= stereotypes accurately reflect which sex differences are larger than others)

50
Q

what are individualistic cultures?

A

cultures that value independence and self- reliance and prioritize individual goals and needs over group goals and needs
ex. united states and many western european nations core values prioritize the individuals goals ove the groups goals

51
Q

what are collectivistic cultures

A

cultures that value fitting in and group solidarity and prioritize group goals and needs over individual goals and needs. stereotype men as as the more other oriented sex and women as the more self reliant sex.
ex. south american, asian, middle eastern and african nations core values prioritize the needs of the gorup over the needs of individuals

Psychology of Gender- textbook (14 decks)

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