Chapter 11 Flashcards
what choices that people make regarding work and family differ from the choices that their parents and grandparents made? (age of marriage, age of first time mothers, single parent households, same sex couples, hours mothers do housework, womens labor force, men being sole breadwinners, fathers helping around the house)
increase or decrease
age of marriage increased
age of first time mothers increased
children living in single parent households increased
same sex couples has increased
hours mothers spend doing housework decreased
womens labor force increased
men being sole breadwinners decreased
fathers helping around the house has increased
does the gender wage gap exist?
yes, in every nation
who does more housework/ domestic labour, men or women?
women (occurs even if both members of the couple are working)
what are two housework trends (not including childcare) that have arisen over the past couple decades?
- people do much less non- childcare housework now
- gender gap in housework in shrinking
women do the majority of the physical housework and also do the majority of mental housework, what is mental housework?
remembering and reminding their partners about personal and household tasks and obligations such as errands or doctor visits
(this also occurs at work where women are planning meetings, doing birthday cards, planning retirement parties… called office housework)
whose housework duties are more likely to decline over the marriage (after 14 years), men or women?
men (even if their wife worked longer hours than husband)
what is arlie hoschilds second shift?
work at home following their work outside the house
what is the stalled gender revolution?
a historical trend in the united states in which women made large gains in the workforce between the 1960s and 1980s but their gains plateaued in the early 1990s before true gender parity was reached
what caused the stalled gender revolution plateau?
mens unequal contributions to labor at home (men didnt start helping around the house when their wife started working, causing women to have so much to do, thus, their gains plateaued because they couldnt go up in their job)
what do some people think is the last and most stubborn barrier of gender equality?
unequal divisions of labor at home
what types of household jobs do women have in the household?
cooking
laundry
cleaning
childcare
what types of household jobs do men have in the household?
taking out the garbage
home repairs
cutting grass
what is the big difference between womens jobs in the household and mens?
womens jobs are ongoing and demanding
mens jobs dont need to be performed everyday and are typically more dangerous
how do same sex couples share household work?
equally
why do same sex couples share household work equally?
because they place value on equality in their relationships
they divide housework based on personal preferences and abilities rather than gender roles
women are working more now than before, does this decrease their time spent with their children?
no
what is the ikumen project?
japanese “men who do child rearing”
encourages fathers to take a more active role in parenting and childcare
how are household labor choices decided?
time availability
relative income
gender role ideology
maternal gatekeeping
what is time availability theory?
couples decide how much time to spend on housework based on how much free time they have (dictated by when they have time instead of how much time they have, day shift night shift is also an issue)
what is the relative income hypothesis?
couple members trade off income for housework such that whoever makes more money does less housework
when do people not follow the relative income hypothesis?
when women start to make as much as their husbands they tend to decrease labor
when women make more than their husbands their housework increases
why do men do less housework when their wife makes more than them?
they view economic dependence as a threat to their gender identity and attempt to restore their masculinity by avoiding “feminine” housework
what is the gender role ideology hypothesis?
couples beliefs about gender roles influence the division of housework
which household divides housework more evenly, traditional attitudes or gender egalitarian attitudes?
gender egalitarian attitudes
what is maternal gatekeeping?
women dont want to give up household and childcare work to men (they view home management as their domain)
how do women that believe in maternal gatekeeping rationalize the inequality?
believe that women have more desire for housework
men “cant do” housework (strategic incompetence)
what is strategic incompetence?
men may burn the dinner
men may do the laundry poorly
how does dividing housework positively effect women?
lower levels of depression
higher marital satisfaction
are there more men or women in mid level management positions?
women
what percentage of the worlds workforce is women?
what percentage of CEO positions are occupied by women?
what percentage of top business executive positions are women?
40%
4.5%
14%
based on sex differences in leadership effectiveness, who is a better leader, men or women?
no sex differences in leader effectiveness (but men tend to be rated as more effective leaders in male dominated fields (i.e. military) and women are rated as more effective leaders in women dominated fields (i.e. schools)
women tend to use a transformational leadership style, what does that mean?
lead through active mentorship, inspiring trust and encouraging others to develop their full potential
who rewards workers for satisfactory performance, men or women?
women
what is the laissez- faire leadership style?
a hands off leadership style in which workers are allowed to complete responsibilities however they want as long as the job gets done
who has a laissez- faire leadership style, men or women?
men
why do women tend to occupy fewer leadership positions than men, especially in upper management?
gender stereotypes
gender bias (microaggressions, so its unintentional)
what is the glass ceiling?
invisible barriers that keep women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements
(women can see the elite positions but cant reach them)
what are old boys’ networks?
informal inner circles of men who exclude women from decision making and use their influence to help other men
what is the glass cliff effect?
the tendency to place women (and individuals from other marginalized groups) into leadership positions under risky, precarious circumstances in which the likelihood of failure is high
(when the company is in a risky/ bad situation that is when a woman will be called to be higher in the company)
ex. simone biles loses so to replace her white male coach will be a black male coach
what is the glass escalator?
tendency for some men to be fast tracked to promotions and leadership positions in female typed professions
ex. privileged man entering a female typed profession (i.e. social work) tend to advance further and faster than women in these professions due to assumptions about mens greater competence and leadership ability
what is the sticky floor?
barriers that keep low wage workers (women and people of color) from ascending from the bottom
what are the four pervasive biases against women in the workplace?
prove it again bias
maternal wall bias
tightrope bias
tug of war
what is the prove it again bias?
gender bias in which stereotypes about womens unsuitability for high status positions result in women having to work harder than men to prove their competence (womens success is attributed to hard work or luck)
what is the maternal wall bias?
gender bias in which working mothers (not all working fathers) are perceived as less competent at their jobs and make lower wages
ex. working women with children are viewed as less competent and not as hirable than child- less working women. fathers arent seen like this
what is the tightrope bias?
gender bias in which employed women are viewed as less likable if they are assertive and as less competent if they are warm
what is the tug of war bias?
gender bias in which women feel like they have to compete against other women for access to limited positions, promotions and workplace rewards
what is queen bee syndrome?
women who hold authority positions in male dominated professions distance themselves from other women and treat female employees more critically
what is sex based harassment?
any behavior that derogates or humiliates an individual on the basis of sex, sexual orientation or gender identity
what men face bias at work?
men who conform less to typical gender role expectations
ex. men who succeed in female jobs are perceived as wimpy
why do people harass others?
want to assert their gender status and power over others (usually men)
what type of sex based harassment do men face in the workplace?
ex. men in male dominated jobs who appear insufficiently masculine are likely to endure teasing, insults and threats from coworkers
what is code switching?
change how they express themselves in front of white people
ex. black people change when around white people
what kind of income do people with higher levels of disabilities have?
low income (especially women with severe disabilities)
how are asian and white women stereotyped? what are the implications of this?
highly feminine
unsuited for male type jobs (especially asian)
how are black and white men stereotyped? what are implications of this?
highly masculine
unsuited for male type jobs (especially black)
when people hold jobs that do not seem to match the gender stereotypes about race and ethnicity groups what occurs?
heightened levels of harassment
in what countries is there a gender wage gap between men and women?
every country… but yet its illegal in most
how can a gender wage gap persist if it is illegal?
gender discrimination that contributes to the gap is subtle
factors other than discrimination contribute to the gap
some believe the gap is a myth
how is the gender wage gap expressed?
as a ratio of womens median yearly earnings for full time year round work as a percentage of mens earnings
ex. ratio of $0.81 would mean that women earn $0.81 when men are making $1 . and $1.00 would be perfect pay equality
what country has the largest gender wage gap?
what country has the lowest gender wage gap?
south korea ($0.63)
italy ($0.94)
who has the smallest wage gap compared to white men, black women, latina women, asian women, native american women, white women?
asian women (earn 85% of what men earn)
do lesbian women earn more or less of heterosexual women?
earn more (9% more on average)
do gay men earn more or less of heterosexual men?
less (11% less on average)
what is equal pay day?
day of each year on which womens earnings in the US catch up to mens from the prior year. it is a representation of how far women have come, the closer it is to january the more equal the pay
ex. in 2020 equal pay day was march 31, in 2019 it was april 2
what are the arguments for the side of the debate that the wage gap is a myth?
men work longer hours than women
women tend to get college majors that lead to lower paying careers
what are the arguments for the side of the debate that the wage gap is real?
the gap persists even when examining pay within the same occupations
employers tend to have subtle biases
what is office housework?
tasks such as arranging office parties
buying cards for sick coworkers
taking notes during office meetings
what are possible explanations for the gender wage gap?
education and occupational segregation
occupational feminization
salary negotiation
relocations and career interruptions
overwork
at what levels of education does the wage gap occur?
all levels of education
i.e. men with a high school education receive higher pay than women with a high school education
what is occupational segregation?
the segregation of occupations by sex with certain occupations dominated primarily by men and others dominated primarily by women (contributes to the gender wage gap)
in low paying occupations do men and women make the same?
no, men make more than women
(low paying jobs are women dominated)
what is occupational feminization?
entrance of women in large numbers into a previously male dominated occupation
what occurs when women in large numbers enter a male dominated occupation?
pay for the jobs tend to decline
what is comparable worth?
paying people of different sexes equally for doing work of equal value, even if the work differs in kind
why can the gender wage gap not be addressed simply by paying women and men the same wages for the same work?
jobs need to be compensated differently based on levels of training, skills and responsibility (dont just pay everyone the same because of sex, look at the actual job)
what is occupational masculinization?
the rare entrance of men in large numbers into a previously female dominated occupation
what happens when men enter female dominated occupations in high numbers?
wages increase (but this isnt for certain as it isnt very common for men to enter female jobs so its based on a small samle size)
who negotiates more for higher salaries, men or women?
men
why do women tend to not negotiate salaries?
goes against gender role norms of politeness
viewed negatively
tightrope bias (women are penalized for appearing too aggressive)
women express more reluctance than men to relocate, how does this sabotage them?
employers may pay women less than men because they believe women are less likely to leave their current position for a higher salary elsewhere
why do women express reluctance to relocate (i.e. moving 100 miles away)?
husband makes more than them
why does the gender wage gap become larger with age?
income grows with job experience and women get less job experience because house care and childcare responsibilities get in the way
what is the motherhood penalty?
working mothers pay a significant wage penalty for having children and the more children they have the greater the penalty
why does the parenthood penalty not exist?
because fathers experience no wage penalty when they become fathers
women of color (latina, black) suffer less of a motherhood penalty than white women, why?
women of color have less wealth than white women and are therefore less able to stall their careers and take time off with the arrival of a child
what is the traditional breadwinner role for men?
they should work a lot, especially if they have a family to support, women dont have this luxury
what is considered to be overwork?
50+ hours per week, normally by men and with people in professional and managerial occupations
what does karoshi mean?
what does karojisatsu mean?
death by overwork in japan
suicide from overwork
what do researchers who examine the work family interference examine?
how work, family and home life interact and how their interaction relates to health well being, job satisfaction, employee productivity and organizational outcomes
what is the scarcity hypothesis?
proposed that having multiple roles will necessarily create tension, conflict and a sense of overload
what is the expansion hypothesis?
proposes that the self esteem and fulfillment provided by one role can spill over and have positive consequences for other roles
what is work life balance?
the manner in which people prioritize these two domains of life and predicts various personal and organizational outcomes
how does work life balance relate to the scarcity hypothesis?
time spent in one domain (work or home) will detract from contributions in the other domain
what is work family conflict?
tension between work and home life in which time spent in each domain detracts from contributions to the other domain
what is the work life enrichment?
having a fulfilling rewarding job can produce positive spillover into the home and having a satisfying happy home life can produce positive spillover into work
who experiences higher levels of work life enrichment, men or women?
women
do children whose mothers work when they were young end up suffering cognitively or behaviorally?
no
what are flexible work arrangements?
arrangements in which employees control the location or timing of their work (i.e. flexible schedules, hours and location)
what are positive work outcomes associated with flexible work arrangements?
increased job satisfaction and reduced turnover intentions
why might workers avoid flexible work arrangements?
work flexibility stigma
what is work flexibility stigma?
negative evaluations that workers receive for pursuing flexible work arrangements
ex. women are perceived as having lower career dedication and potential for advancement when having a flexible work career
why are men more vulnerable to work flexibility stigma?
they are seen as less masculine if they have work flexibility
even in sweden one of the most gender egalitarian nations in the world men resisted taking parental leave until the government instituted “daddy quotas”
what is the results-only work environment (ROWE)?
employees get paid for their results rather than the number of hours they work, they can work from home without using sick days or vacation time as long as they perform their tasks
what are the results from using results-only work environment (ROWE)?
decreases work- family conflict, negative spillover and job turnover
what are positives to paid parental leave?
lower infant and child mortality rates (likely due to breastfeeding)
