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Psychology of Gender- textbook > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the Me Too Movement? who founded it?

A

Tarana Burke founded the movement to foster healing among girls and women of color who survived sexual violence, it became an onine movement with people tweeting #MeToo stories

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2
Q

why is the Me Too movement criticized?

A

fosters a “guilty until proven innocent” mentality and privileges the experiences of wealthy educated white women

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3
Q

what is sex?

A

biological
categorizes people as male, female or intersex

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4
Q

what is gender?

A

nonbiological
includes broad sets of attributes and experiences (ex. identities, traits, interests, roles, attitudes, stereotypes and socialization practices) commonly associated with sex

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5
Q

why might sex and gender not be as simple as it may seem?

A

dont know precisely how much of it stems from biology and how much stems from socialization
meanings of biological and social factors can be fuzzy

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6
Q

example of what does it mean that we dont know how much stems from biology and how much stems from socialization? in respect to sex differences

A

ex. sex differences in physical aggression, men are more aggressive than women but this reflects a combination of biological and social factors (men have higher levels of testosterone than women & men are socialized to perform physically active tasks)

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7
Q

example of how meanings of biological and social factors are somewhat fuzzy?

A

ex. people generally understand hormones as biological factos and socialization as social factors but performing male behaviours (lifting something heavy) can increase testosterone in women and performing female behaviours (getting nails done) can decrease testosterone in men

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8
Q

what does sex differences mean?

A

average differences between women and men

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9
Q

what is intersexuality?

A

condition in which the biological components of sex (chromosomes, hormones, sex organs) do not consistently fit the typical female or typical male pattern
ex. an individual who is genetically male (XY) with with an inverted penis (normally are assigned female at birth)

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10
Q

what is the sex binary?

A

conceptualization of sex as consisting of two opposite and nonoverlapping categories such as male or female

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11
Q

what is gender binary?

A

assumption that individuals emboy either masculine or feminine traits and tendencies

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12
Q

what is androgyny?

A

when someone has high levels of both stereotypically male- typed (assertive, independent) and female typed traits (warm, gentle)

i.e. juliana

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13
Q

why might biological sex be a social construction?

A

because the categories of sex are not fixed
ex. if parents have an intersex baby the parents will try to make them fit into the sex binary though intersex is not male nor female

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14
Q

some cultures recognize more than two sexes and genders, what kinds of things are recognized?

A

two spirit people: indigenous who adopt elements of both the female and male gender roles
hijras: separate caste of people who live as neither men nor women
sworn virgins: biologically female but live as men and can never marry

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15
Q

what does non binary mean?

A

people who fall outside the sex and gender binaries and identify as neither man nor woman
ex. two spirit people, hijras, sworn virgins

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16
Q

what is masculinity?

A

possession of physical and psychological attributes typically associated with men

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17
Q

what is femininity?

A

possession of physical and psychological attributes typically associated with women

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18
Q

what is an androgynous personality?

A

both high in male and female typed traits

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19
Q

what does latinx mean?

A

any person of latin american decent (could be mixed sex, genderqueer and nonbinary)

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20
Q

what is gender identity?

A

individuals psychological experiences of their gender and how they identify their gender such as man, woman, nonbinary or genderqueer
involves feeling a basic sense of belongingness to a sex category

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21
Q

what does agender mean?

A

identify with no gender

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22
Q

what does gender fluid mean?

A

gender identities shift over time and depend on the situation
gender identity changes rather than remaining constant

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23
Q

example of how interests shape gender identity

A

ex. knowing that someone identifies as a man would not necessarily allow us to predict whether he also likes sports

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24
Q

what does pansexual mean?

A

attracted to people of all sexes

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25
Q

what is sexual orientation?

A

peoples tendency to develop romantic and sexual attractions to others based on their sex

a crush

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26
Q

is gender identity independent or dependent on sexual orientation?

A

independent
ex. a biologically female person who identifies as a woman and is attracted only to women would be considered a cisgender lesbian

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27
Q

what is intersectionality?

A

examining how peoples life experiences differ due to the levels of privilege and structural inequality associated with their specific location across various demographic categories
ex. might focus on how gender identity interacts with racism to shape the opportunities of young, transgender black men

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28
Q

what does asexual mean?

A

signifies having a lack of desire for sex or sexual partners

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29
Q

what are 3 ways research psychologists can adopt a more intersectional approach?

A
  1. seek who is included in the social categories of the people they study. (ex. dont only study a sample of privileged white women)
  2. consider the role of structural inequalities in shaping participants’ experiences (ex. racism..)
  3. look for commonalities in their participants’ experiences despite differences in their identities
30
Q

what does WEIRD stand for?

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

31
Q

what is genital reconstructive surgery?

A

surgery that alters the appearance, location or function of genital tissue

32
Q

what are 3 ways in which sex and gender play roles in many aspects of daily life?

A

food: ex. across cultures people typically associate red meat, beer and potatoes with men & salad and chocolate with women
colors: ex. pink with girls and blue with boys
clothing
language: masculine, feminine or gender neutral

33
Q

how can we make sex and gender more visible?

A

flipping gender norms for men and women to expose how they opperate
ex. ask male athletes questions that women get asked “could you give us a twirl and tell us about your outfit?”

34
Q

example of how the extent to which people recognize sex and gender depends on the groups to which they belong

A

ex. more dominant and privileged the group (white males) the less the group tends to recognize the influence of sex and gender in their daily lives

35
Q

what does a dominant group have that less privileged groups do not?

A

more access to education, leadership positions and resources

36
Q

what is an issue with privileged groups?

A

they contain the power
ex. “women and minorities” only implys white women and minority men (leaves out women of color…)

37
Q

what is a patriarchal society?

A

men as a group rule the society and control how it operates

38
Q

what is a matriarchal society?

A

women rule the society and control how it opperates (this society doesnt exist anywhere)

39
Q

what is a matrilineal society?

A

family relationships and ancestry are traced through the mothers line
ex. husband takes womans last name
ex. among the garo people daughters inherit property from their mothers and sons move in with their wives families upon marriage

40
Q

does matrilineal make the a society matriarchal? why?

A

no because men still hold more of the political and decision making power in these societies
ex. men decide that the daughters take over the moms property

41
Q

example of eqality vs equity?

A

equal: treating all vision problems with the same prescription
equity: giving people the prescription that they NEED

42
Q

who did the Women’s Marches represent?

A

people from a range of sexes, gender identities, sexual orientations, ages, races, ethnicities, nationalities, religions

43
Q

what does queer mean?

A

broad term that refers to a variety of sexual and gender identities

44
Q

what does LGBTQIA+ stand for?

A

lesbian
gay
bisexual
transgender
queer
intersex
asexual
+ (even more identities exist such as questioning)

45
Q

whats wrong with labelling waves of feminism “waves”?

A

ignores the work and progress made outside the waves (1920- 1960) should instead be called a river because its continuous

46
Q

when did the first wave start and end?

A

1848- 1921

47
Q

when did the second wave start and end?

A

1961- 1977

48
Q

when did the third wave start and end?

A

1992- 2018

49
Q

what occured in the first wave of feminism?

A

equal treatment of women and men under the law
womens right to vote
womens education (seeked discrimination if they attended school)

50
Q

what did the feminine mystique (1963) help move along?

A

encouraged gender activism

51
Q

what did the second wave of feminism fight for?

A

equal rights and opportunities for women
domestic violence
sexual harassment
pay equality
reproductive rights

52
Q

what did the third wave of feminism fight for?

A

more intersectionality (not only white privileged people)
environmental justice
living wage
reproductive justice

53
Q

what is reproductive justice?

A

human right to personal bodily autonomy, parenthood choices and safe communities in which to raise children

54
Q

what do advocates of reproductive justice work to do?

A

make poor communities safer and healthier with increased social support structures

55
Q

what are feminisms?

A

movements for the social, political and economic equality of women and men or “movements to end sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression”- bell hooks

56
Q

what are the 3 concerns people have about feminisms?

A
  1. they need supporters but fewer and fewer young people identify as feminists
  2. they must be more inclusive of nonbinary and transgender individuals
  3. they fail to acknowledge the ways in which rigid and restrictive gender roles negatively impact men
57
Q

how do gender roles negatively impact men?

A

men are also at the bottom
many men especially those of color and low income are diempowered (swell the prisons, perform lots of risky low paid work, experience more violent crime)

58
Q

why are some feminists so against men?

A

against the patriarchal power structures that perpetuate inequality rather than look at the individual
men can be allies but women must be at the center

59
Q

what are two mens movements?

A

national organiszation for men against sexism (NOMAS)
promise keepers

60
Q

what does NOMAS movement do?

A

seeks to enhance the lives of men by combating sexism, racism, and heterosexism by changing the institutions that create inequality

61
Q

what does the promise keepers movement do?

A

all white men that focus on jesus and mens responsibilities as the head of the family
encourage mens authority and denounce same sex sexuality

62
Q

what does NOMAS and the promise keepers have in common?

A

both share the goal of enhancing the lives of men through social change and create a space for men to examine the role of gender in mens lives

63
Q

when did gay rights movements first start?

A

1920 but soon crumbled under legal and social antigay

64
Q

in what year was homosexuality removed from its classification as a mental disorder?

A

1973 when research was revealed that no differences in psychologically between heterosexual and gay male participants

65
Q

what is the sexual minority?

A

lesbian, gay, bisexual, and other nonheteroseual sexual orientations

66
Q

how did the psychological practice with sexual minority change in 1985?

A

counselors were told to be sensitive and that sexual orientation change efforts are not effective, safe, or ethical

67
Q

when and how did transgender movements pick up?

A

20 years ago
picked up due to the internet (TV shows) which allowed transgender people to find a community
movements are meant to advance the rights, protections and visibility of transgender individuals

68
Q

what is ICE?

A

intersex campaign for equality
advocates for the rights of inersex individuals to physical integrity, self- determination and legal recognition

69
Q

how did trump make transgender less included?

A

banned their enlistment in the military

70
Q

what can be said about feminism over time?

A

increase in inclusivity (include bisexual and asexual people as well as low income and minority women)

Psychology of Gender- textbook (14 decks)

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