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Psychology of Gender- textbook > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

who lives longer women or men?

A

women

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2
Q

what was the life expectancy for men and women in the 1900 and in 2016 in the US? (shows sex differences in longevity of life)

A

1900: men= 46.3, women= 48.3
2016: men=76.1, women= 81.1
(30 year increase)

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3
Q

generally, which groups live longer, marginalized groups or dominant groups? what is the exception to this pattern?

A

dominant (white, heterosexual people)
(latinos/latinas are the only exception to this pattern)

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4
Q

what is the latino paradox?

A

tendency for latinx americans of the US to have health outcomes as good as, if not better than, those of non- latinx white people in the US despite tending to have a lower average income and less education. but health advantages decrease when latinx people become acculturated to the US lifestyle

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5
Q

why do transgender individuals have a shorter life expectancy than cisgender?

A

stressors (discrimination)
health risks (violence, lack of adequate health care, reliance on drugs)

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6
Q

what were common causes of death in 1900?

A

infectious diseases (pneumonia, tuberculosis)

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7
Q

what was the common cause of death in 2010? why?

A

diseases of old age (heart disease, cancer, alzheimers)
because vaccines, antibiotics, refrigeration (slows bacteria growth) have all been created

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8
Q

what is the morbidity mortality paradox?

A

a phenomenon in which women tend to have higher rates of sickness (morbidity) than men, while men tend to experience death (mortality) earlier than women

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9
Q

in 2015 what did men suffer from in comparison to women?

A

life threatening conditions more often than women but women suffer with chronic conditions (arthritis, autoimmune diseases…)

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10
Q

what supports the argument that men are healthier?

A

men report having better health than women (though they dont live as long)
women spend more on health related services over their life due to chronic conditions (migraines, fibro)

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11
Q

what supports the argument that women are healthier?

A

mens death rates are higher
though more women report not being as healthy than men, this could be because men are told to suppress any signs of weakness
boys are more likely to die than girls
boys and men get more infections

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12
Q

what 2 broad biological factors shape health and contribute to sex differences in health and longevity?

A

genetic factors (two X chromosomes, telomeres)
hormonal influences (testosterone and estrogen)

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13
Q

how does having two X chromosomes provide a health advantage to girls and women?

A

sex chromosomes (XX or XY) can sometimes carry genetic mutations (muscular dystrophy or hemophilia) which are passed down through the X chromosome, the disease producing gene on the X chromosome can get over rided by the other X chromosome to prevent expression of the gene
thus men are more vulnerable to X- linked diseases

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14
Q

what is hemophilia?

A

sex- linked, genetic blood clotting disorder which can cause excessive bleeding

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15
Q

what are telomeres?

A

disposable DNA sequences at the ends of chromosome strands that protect the remaining genes on the chromosomes during cell division (like the caps on the ends of shoelaces that prevent fraying)

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16
Q

what is different between male and female telomeres?

A

at birth mens and womens telomeres are the same, but mens shorten faster which means that male cells age faster

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17
Q

how do hormones influence sex differences in longevity?

A

high doses of testosterone decrease “good” cholesterol and increase “bad” cholesterol (increasing heart disease)
testosterone suppresses the bodys immune system
estrogen provides health benefits (increases cardiac output
estrogen increases the expression of longevity associated genes but can also increase certain forms of cancer

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18
Q

what is evolutionary theorists reasoning behind the fact that women outlive men?

A

mens bodies evolved to prioritize procreation over immunity
men tend to “live hard, die young” this is due to testosterone. men compete aggressively for mates in order to have reproductive success (“live hard”) however, high testosterone also correlates with immune suppression and an increased vulnerability to infection (“die young”)
women contribute more to infant nourishment, fighting disease and repairing damaged cells

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19
Q

what kinds of things do individuals DO that influence their health in positive and negative ways?

A

accidents and risky sex
smoking, alcohol use, and diet
physical activity and exercise

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20
Q

what does risky behavior consist of? who is more influenced by risky behavior, women or men?

A

electrical repairs, climbing on roofs, white water rafting, motorcycle racing, bungee jumping, reckless driving,
men

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21
Q

why are men more prone to traffic accidents than women?

A

not wearing seatbelts, speeding and driving under the influence

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22
Q

why is sexual activity considered risky behavior?

A

unprotected sex, sex with a stranger, sex while under the influence are risky because they can increase the chances of sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy and violence

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23
Q

do women or men contribute more to sexually risky behavior?

A

no sex difference generally

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24
Q

as teenagers who is more likely to engage in sexually risky behavior, men or women? during post college years?

A

teenager:men
post college: women

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25
Q

who is more prone to HIV?

A

in the US: men
worldwide: women account for half of cases

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26
Q

when does HIV occur in men normally? women?

A

men and transwomen: occurs during same sex sexual activity
women: occurs during heterosexual activity

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27
Q

what percentage of transwomen are HIV positive in the US?

A

25%

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28
Q

what are risk networks?

A

extended networks of individuals with whom people have sexual contact or engage in other risky practices (e.g. intravenous drug use) that can transmit disease

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29
Q

what do risk networks help explain?

A

why black and latinx people account for 70% of new HIV diagnoses though they are only 29% of the population

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30
Q

according to risk networks why do black and latinx people account for the majority of new HIV diagnoses?

A

likelihood of HIV infection increases as a function of both individual risks (e.g. having unprotected sex) and the proportion of infected sexual partners in a persons risk network, so even if black and latinx people do not take more individual risks than white people they may still exhibit higher rates of HIV infection than white people if they have relatively high concentrations of HIV infected sexual partners in their risk networks

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31
Q

what are highly active antiretroviral therapies?

A

very expensive drug treatments that reduce the risk of dying from HIV related causes

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32
Q

who smokes more cigarettes, men or women?

A

men, but the sex difference continues to decline

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33
Q

what is binge drinking? who does it more, men or women?

A

consuming 4 or more alcoholic drinks in 1-2 hours for women and 5 or more drinks in 1-2 hours for men
more common in men

34
Q

who experiences more alcohol related deaths, white or latino men? white or latina women?

A

same rates for white and latino men
white women experience more alcohol related deaths than latina women

35
Q

who has a better diet, men or women? what does it consist of?

A

women
fruit, vegetables, fiber, limited salt intake

36
Q

why do women adapt a healthier diet?

A

stereotypes (men eat red meat, women eat fruit and vegetables)
men are more likely to make a show of eating high calorie fatty foods

37
Q

who is more physically active, men or women?

A

men, women are more likely than men to be classified as physically inactive

38
Q

what is inactivity correlated with?

A

income of a country (the higher the income of a country the less physically active people were)
age (physical activity declines with age)

39
Q

what is the body mass index (BMI)?

A

a persons weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters

40
Q

in more wealthy developed countries, more men than women meet criteria for being overweight, how is being overweight defined?

A

BMI between 25 and 30

41
Q

in many countries more women than men are obese, how is it defined?

A

BMI over 30

42
Q

what are some examples of the way people ARE that contribute to their physical health

A

levels of agency and communion

43
Q

how do levels of agency and communion affect physical health?

A

higher agentic traits (competitiveness, assertiveness, leadership) tend to have fewer physical symptoms and better adjustment to illness than those lower in agency

44
Q

what is unmitigated agency?

A

a tendency to focus on the self to the neglect of other people

45
Q

what is unmitigated communion?

A

a tendency to focus on others to the neglect of the self (correlates with low self esteem and lack of personal autonomy)

46
Q

unmitigated agency correlates with four major topics that relate to negative physical health, what are they?

A

poor health behaviors
interpersonal behavior that leads to conflict
negative views of others
poor social skills (lack of social support from others)

47
Q

how is unmitigated agency bad for physical health?

A

behave inappropriately with others (arrogant, self- absorbed, dominating)
negative view of others
engage more often in negative health behaviors (smoking, drinking, drugs) and disregard doctors advice
lack healthy social skills (have difficulty seeking social support from others)

48
Q

unmitigated communion predicts increases not only in physical symptoms but in psychological symptoms, what are they?

A

over nurturance: stress (due to taking care of others and taking on others problems as their own) which compromises the immune system and increases illness
inappropriate behavior that causes conflict: become controlling
failure to benefit from social support

49
Q

who more often visits the doctors, men or women? why?

A

women
women are sicker, reproductive health needs (pap smears, prenatal care)
men dont want to be seen as weak

50
Q

which men see the doctors the most? which see the doctor the least? race

A

white men see the doctor more often than black and latino men

51
Q

what was the tuskegee syphilis study?

A

researchers gave hundreds of low income illiterate black men with syphilis a placebo drug instead of penicillin (a known treatment for the disease) so they could study natural progression of syphilis
(might be a reason black men dont visit the doctor)

52
Q

how does sex and gender influence the health care that people receive?

A

sex of physician: female physicians have longer visits with their patients and engage in positive talk
doctors may treat their male and female patients differently

53
Q

do men prefer to have a male or female doctor?

A

male, but women physicians talk more with their patients so men dont benefit from this

54
Q

what is implicit physician biases?

A

refer to automatic, nonconscious judgments and behaviors exhibited by doctors that are elicited by features such as patents sex, race, age, sexual orientation and social class (occur when doctors rely on stereotypes to make judgments or decisions about specific individuals)

55
Q

what is an example of implicit physician bias?

A

male with moderate knee pain and osteoarthritis will be told to get a total knee replacement, women with the same symptoms will not
men are more likely to get tested for heart disease, even though its one of the leading causes of death for women

56
Q

what is an example of implicit physician bias with regard to race, age, class and obesity status?

A

younger women are recommended breast reconstruction following breast removal surgery (i.e. cancer) older women are not

57
Q

if aspects of male and female gender roles account for sex differences in mortality and morbidity, then what occurs in places that do not enforce strict gender roles?

A

no sex differences in health status or illness behaviors (doctor visits and medications)
smaller sex differences in mortality but women do still outlive men

58
Q

what is socioeconomic status (SES)?

A

a measure of the income, education level and occupational status of an individual or household

59
Q

how is socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ ethnicity tightly linked?

A

liked in the united states with latinx, native american and black people typically having lower SES compared with white and asian people

60
Q

what factors shorten black mens life expectancy?

A

(they die 4 years earlier on average than white americans)
homicide (loss of 0.87 years)
heart disease (loss of 1.12 years)
cancer (loss of 0.80 years)
HIV/ AIDS

61
Q

what factors shape race differences in life expectancy begin before birth and as a child?

A

low birth weights (black babies are twice as likely as white babies to die in infancy)
regular access to health care (black, latinx, asian and native american children have less access to healthcare compared to white children)
nutritious foods (black children have less access to nutritious foods compared with white children because black neighbourhoods tend to have more fast food)

62
Q

what is a food desert?

A

neighborhoods in which the lack of nearby grocery stores and easy public transportation limits residents’ regular access to fresh, healthy food. commonly found with people of color

63
Q

what is the problem with using SES as a measurement?

A

other races all get compared to white people, this overlooks natural and healthy body diversity

64
Q

what is minority stress theory?

A

a theory that proposes that belonging to a stigmatized group can create stressors that are unique to the minority experience
ex. self reported experiences with discrimination predict increases in weight gain, thus stress can motivate overeating

65
Q

generally who is more likely to be classified as overweight between men and women? obese?

A

overweight: men
obese: women
(this is general, it does vary based on race and ethnicity)

66
Q

what is the feminization of poverty?

A

global tendency for women to experience disproportionate rates of poverty

67
Q

why do women experience a disproportionate rate of poverty?

A

use contraception less often
receive less education about preventing sexually transmitted diseases
less access to maternal health services
(overall, women have kids before theyre 18 and early motherhood reduces the likelihood that young women will get an education and move out of poverty)

68
Q

why do lesbian gay and bisexual individuals experience higher rates of cardiovascular disease and obesity, higher rates of diabetes and poorer overall health compared to heterosexual? why do transgender adults experience poorer physical health, higher rates of physical disability and over twice the rate of heart attacks compared to cisgender

A

minority stress theory: increases peoples reliance on unhealthy coping behaviours (overeating or binge drinking to cope with anxiety) and also it overburdens the body’s stress response and immune systems and weakening the ability to fight illness

(overall belonging to a stigmatized group can increase the body’s vulnerability to health problems)

69
Q

why do LGBT individuals often experience barriers to quality health care?

A

employment discrimination: likely to not have health insurance due to employer sponsored insurance coverage
doctors have inadequate training with LGBT individuals
poverty

70
Q

who is T’Sjoen and why is he important?

A

doctor that wants to improve transgender health care
founded the european network for the investigation of gender incongruence (ENIGI) which used a large sample size to track physiology and psychology of trans individuals from before to after they got gender- affirming procedures

71
Q

what is andrology?

A

branch of medicine that studies male health, with a particular focus on the sexual/ reproductive organs and urinary system
(like a gynecologist but for men)

72
Q

how do sex specific conditions develop?

A

genes, hormones, anatomy and life experiences
ex. X- linked recessive diseases impact males and females differently (girls can override it, boys cant)

73
Q

what is rett syndrome?

A

a neurological disorder linked to a mutation on the X chromosome and characterized by seizures, language impairments and difficulty breathing

74
Q

who does rett syndrome effect? why?

A

seems like its female specific but it affects both female and male embryos. male embryos that carry this syndrome die in utero and female embryos survive and are born with a less severe form of the disease

75
Q

how do cancer diagnoses differ in men and women?

A

men are more likely to be diagnosed and die from cancer than women
men: testicular and prostate cancer
women: uterine and ovarian cancer

76
Q
A
77
Q

what is medicalization?

A

the process whereby normal, natural conditions (menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth) come to be viewed as medical conditions that require diagnoses and treatments

78
Q

medicalization of natural physical conditions can change how people think about conditions, making them seem abnormal and negative, what is an example?

A

premenstrual syndrome (PMS): diagnosable illness consisting of aches and pains, bloating, anxiety, anger, depressed mood, and moodiness that occurs monthly before the onset menstruation.
PMS encourages the view of womens bodies as regularly sick and unable to function (negative aspects of womens reproductive cycle)

79
Q

what is one of the most controversial consequences of medicalization?

A

the overuse of unnecessary interventions and treatments
ex. giving a mother an unnecessary C- section

80
Q

what is chaupadi?

A

prohibits women and girls from participating in normal family activities while menstruating, as they are considered “impure” (nepal still practices this)

81
Q

what is a side effect of the rapid advancement of medicine and medical knowledge?

A

tendency to see natural variation in life experiences through the lens of illness or disease
ex. the natural physical or emotional changes associated with the menstrual cycle need to be solved

Psychology of Gender- textbook (14 decks)

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