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Psychology of Gender- textbook > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a psychological disorder/ mental illness?

A

a persistent disruption or disturbance of thought, emotion or behavior that causes significant distress or impairment in functioning

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2
Q

how can you tell if your feels are normal sadness versus diagnosed depression?

A

after a breakup if youre sad and lonely for a couple weeks it is not diagnosable, if you are so sad that you stop spending time with friends, lose interest in your hobbies and become overwhelmed with being sad for yourself then you might meet criteria for a disorder

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3
Q

what is the international classification of diseases ond related health problems (ICD)?

A

it was published by WHO and is broader than the DSM-5 as it includes not just psychological but also medical illnesses

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4
Q

what are internalizing disorders?

A

combines anxiety and depression disorders together into one group, symptoms are directed inward, toward the self

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5
Q

what are externalizing disorders?

A

combines antisocial, substance use and impulsivity- related disorders into one group, symptoms are directed outward toward others

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6
Q

what is the transdiagnostic approach?

A

approach that assumes that most psychological disorders are actually different manifestations of a few core, underlying dimensions
ex. rather than viewing depression and anxiety disorders as separate conditions, this approach views them as different versions of the same heritable tendency

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7
Q

what is an internalizing disorder?

A

when the sufferer experiences symptoms privately and expresses disturbance largely by blaming and punishing the self (more common in women =-0.23 (small))

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8
Q

what are examples of internalizing disorders?

A

low self- esteem, social withdrawal, anxiety, restrained eating, nonsuicidal self- injury (cutting wrists)

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9
Q

what is an externalizing disorder?

A

involves either victimizing others or altering ones consciousness in a manner that impairs judgment and reduces inhibitions against harm (more common in men =0.52 (medium))

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10
Q

what are examples of externalizing disorders?

A

aggression
impulsivity
interpersonal manipulation
drug and alcohol abuse

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11
Q

how were transgender people represented in the DSM throughout the different versions?

A

the first two editions didnt include them at all (considered delusional)
DSM-3 included two diagnoses of gender identity disorder (GID)
DSM-4 included cross sex identification among children and adults
DSM-5 replaced GID with gender dysphoria because gender identity is NOT a disorder

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12
Q

what were the two diagnoses of gender identity disorder (GID) in the DSM 3?

A
  1. adolescents and adults (transsexualism)
    2.children (GID in childhood)
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13
Q

what is gender dysphoria?

A

when an individual experiences clinically significant distress because of a difference between the individuals experienced gender and the gender others would assign him or her
(emphasizes feelings of distress rather than a mismatch between assigned sex and psychological gender)

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14
Q

what psychological disorder does not show a consistent sex difference?

A

bipolar disorder

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15
Q

what is the gender intensification hypothesis?

A

proposes that the pressure to adopt sex- typed traits and behavior intensifies during adolescence and this contributes to sex differences in depression (young people face increasing pressure to adopt traditional gender roles as they enter puberty and prepare for adulthood)
ex. for girls this means adopting stereotypically feminine tendencies (emotionality, self sacrifice) but these traits can foster a helpless coping style that increases depressive tendencies

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16
Q

what is the response styles theory?

A

focuses on a coping style called rumination, which involves passively and persistently focusing attention on ones negative mood
ex. a person who has a ruminative style might think repetitively about how upset they feel after an unsuccessful job interview, dwelling on their flaws and judging themselves for feeling badly

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17
Q

who ruminates more when distressed, men or women?

A

women

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18
Q

what does rumination correlate with?

A

depression, social phobia, PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder

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19
Q

why do men not develop internalizing disorders as much?

A

cope more actively with negative emotions by distracting themselves or doing physical activities

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20
Q

what does benevolent sexism consist of?

A

flattering but condescending beliefs about women as morally pure, vulnerable and needful of protection by men

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21
Q

what is an example of how benevolent sexism is correlated with rumination?

A

when women receive benevolently sexist messages implying that they need special treatment or assistance in work contexts they exhibit increases in rumination. occurs because benevolent sexism is both flattering and insulting at the same time, this leads women to ruminate about their competence

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22
Q

does female type labor (childcare, housework) contribute to women’s high rates of depression?

A

no, if it were the case we would see smaller sex differences in depression in cultures that place more value on typical female labor
ex. amish communities honor the homemaker role as a position of great importance and those women arent depressed

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23
Q

do sex differences in depression get larger or smaller as gender equality increases within cultures over time?

A

smaller
so gender equality is correlated with decreases in the size of sex differences in depression

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24
Q

girls and women are more likely to report sexual abuse, does exposure to sexual violence contribute to sex differences in internalizing disorders?

A

to some degree, yes
sex differences in childhood sexual abuse can explain up to 35% of the sex difference in adult depression but sexual abuse in childhood predicts adult depression regardless of victims sex

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25
Q

what dramatically increases womens risk of sexual violence?

A

having a physical or cognitive disability

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26
Q

what is neuroticism?

A

tendency to experience high levels of negative emotions (worry easily and are moody)

laurel

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27
Q

who scores higher in neuroticism, men or women?

A

women as it it correlates with internalizing disorders

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28
Q

when looking at biological factors, why do women have higher levels of depressive and anxious symptoms?

A

women respond to stress with more extreme nervous system activity
estrogens increase in puberty which enhance the sensitivity of the stress response
genes partly (depression is partly heritable)

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29
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

teh study of how environmental factors can influence the expression of genes in ways that are heritable

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30
Q

why do boys and men display externalizing disorders?

A

boys learn from an early age to avoid displaying vulnerable emotions (sadness, anxiety), thus they use angry outbursts instead of sadness
parents yell at boys when disciplining
boys personalities
coping strategies (distracting themselves, not seeking help from others)

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31
Q

women ruminate when distressed, what do men do?

A

distract themselves from stress via alcohol or drugs

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32
Q

to address the harmful consequences of men turning to drinking to cope, the american psychological association proposed a set of therapeutic guidelines for psychologists who treat men and boys, what are they?

A

therapists must increase their understanding of mens gender related problems and strengths
adopt more intersectional approaches when treating men and boys
assist male clients in reducing gender related behaviors (aggression)
better advocate on behalf of boys and mens mental health

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33
Q

what is the difference between impulsivity and effortful control?

A

impulsivity consists of traits such as sensation- seeking, novelty- seeking and risk- taking, while effortful control consists of persistence, focus and impulse control

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34
Q

who more commonly shows effortful control, boys or girls?

A

girls (=-1.01)

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35
Q

how much does sensation- seeking and risk- taking favor men?

A

sensation- seeking: d=0.41
risk taking: d=0.36
both medium effect sizes

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36
Q

what is callous- unemotional traits (CU traits)?

A

personality factor consisting of low levels of empathy, guilt and warmth. these tendencies underlie the aggression, criminal behavior and lack of remorse present in conduct and antisocial disorders

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37
Q

who scores higher in callous- unemotional traits (CU traits), boys or girls?

A

boys

38
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex?

A

a brain region involved in impulse control, emotion regulation and planning behaviors

39
Q

how might the prefrontal cortex play a role in the development of externalizing conditions such as ADHD and substance disorders?

A

activity in the prefrontal cortex contributes to impulse control, emotion regulation and planning
develops more slowly in boys
larger amounts of prenatal testosterone predicts lower prefrontal cortex volume among boys ages 8-11, thus decreases in prefrontal cortex volume cause increased vulnerability to ADHD

40
Q

what is dopamine?

A

a neurotransmitter involved in feelings of reward and control of voluntary movement

41
Q

how might dopamine contribute to sex differences in externalizing tendencies?

A

on average women tend to show enhanced dopamine functioning compared with men, this may protect them against disorders characterized by poor impulse control (such as ADHD and substance abuse)
among boys and men a variant of the gene that codes for dopamine is linked to externalizing and antisocial behaviors (women are less likely to inherit this gene)

42
Q

what is the argument for the stance that women do not suffer from depression more than men?

A

depression looks different on women compared to men (maybe men show sadness as anger and irritability) this new gender inclusive depression scale would show similar rates of depression among women (depressed mood) and men (anger, substance use)
men account for 80% of deaths by suicide (shows depression that goes undiagnosed)

43
Q

what is the argument for the stance that women suffer from depression more than men? in respect to “male- type depression”

A

the notion of a male type depression (anger) that looks different from traditional depression (sadness) is problematic because it would cause us to change the definition of depression but depressive symptoms occur more with women. if we add aggression into depressions definition then depression uses its meaning

44
Q

what is the gender paradox of suicide?

A

the fact that girls and women more frequently exhibit nonfatal suicide behavior, such as suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self- injury, while boys and men more frequently die from suicide in almost all countries

45
Q

why might men want to kill themselves?

A

work problems
financial problems
substance use problems
relationship dissolution

46
Q

why might women want to kill themselves?

A

problems with children
depression and anxiety
obesity

47
Q

why might LGBTQ youths want to kill themselves?

A

peer bullying
family rejection

48
Q

how do you know if you or someone you know is at risk of killing themselves?

A

threaten to kill themselves
actively looks for ways to kill themselves
talks or writes about suicide or dying
feelings of hopelessness
feeling trapped (“no way out”)
social isolation
dramatic mood changes
agitation
changes in sleep patterns
reckless or risky behavior

49
Q

of all mental illnesses, which one has the highest mortality rate?

A

anorexia nervosa

50
Q

what cultures and ages are more likely to experience anorexia and bulimia?

A

western cultures among adolescent and young women (compared to non western cultures)

51
Q

are eating disorders more common in cisgender or transgender people? gay men or straight men? gay men and straight women?

A

transgender
gay
no difference

52
Q

what do male eating disorders look like?

A

boys and men riskily gain muscle mass (taking supplements, growth hormones and steroids)
(for girls they are normally losing weight, guys are gaining)

53
Q

what are some risk factors for eating disorders?

A

troubled relationships with parents
early sexual abuse
low self esteem
perfectionism
chronic pressure to be slim
body dissatisfaction

54
Q

what is objectification theory?

A

argues that being raised within a sociocultural context that routinely objectifies and sexualizes the female body has consequences for female mental health

55
Q

how is the female body objectified?

A

media images that sexualize
street harassment
unwanted touching
appearance- related comments

56
Q

what does objectification teach girls?

A

that their worth depends more on their appearance than on their actions or accomplishments
internalize outsiders perspective on their physical selves

57
Q

what is self objectification?

A

defining yourself in terms of how the body appears to others instead of what the body can do or how the body feels, this increases womens risk for body dissatisfaction, eating disorders, depression and substance use problems

58
Q

self- objectification consistently predicts higher levels of what?

A

eating disorder symptoms
lower self esteem
more depressive symptoms
reduced psychological well- being

59
Q

what are the steps in the path from self- objectification to eating disorders?

A

self objectification
social comparison
body shame
eating disorder

60
Q

who reports more body shame, people that dont send nudes or people that do send nudes (sexters)? between non sexters and sexters who is more comfortable in the nude?

A

higher body shame: sexters
comfortable nude: sexters

61
Q

how can sexting be brought into the realm of cyberbullying?

A

because sexts can be sent under pressure, forwarded without consent and unwanted by those receiving them

62
Q

what is sexting associated with?

A

substance use
anxiety
depression
risky sexual behavior

63
Q

do the media objectify women in non- western cultures to the same degree as they do in western cultures?

A

no
ex. some asian countries rarely show models relatively nude or in a sexual manner

64
Q

are there cultural differences in self- objectification in non western countries compared to western countries, considering non- western countries dont objectify women as much?

A

self objectification is lower in non- western cultures, thus there are lower rates of eating disorders (but the younger generations are becoming more self- objectifying than their mothers)

65
Q

what is The Body Positive?

A

an organization that teaches people to love and appreciate their bodies through programs that promote healthy eating and self care and decrease body shame

66
Q

how does nature and nurture combine to shape eating disorder outcomes?

A

women with preexisting body dissatisfaction and/or genetic tendencies toward eating disorders are the ones most likely to suffer negative consequences of exposure to idealized media images

67
Q

who is more likley to develop anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder, black women, white women, latina or asian american?

A

anorexia: white women
bulimia and binge eating: comparable across racial and ethnic groups

68
Q

what is thin ideal internalization?

A

belief that an ultrathin body is ideal for women, predicts eating disorders among white women (black women score lowest in this)

69
Q

how does strong ethnic identity correlate with thin ideal internalization and eating pathology?

A

a sense of connectedness to ones racial or ethnic group weakens the link between thin ideal internalization and eating pathology

70
Q

women of color face a unique source of body shame not shared by white women, what is it?

A

racial discrimination (only found in black women, not men)

71
Q

why do transgender people struggle with body dissatisfaction and more disordered eating than cisgender people?

A

physical features remind them of their assigned sex

72
Q

what occurs to body satisfaction and disordered eating for transgender people after genital reconstructive surgery or hormone treatments?

A

body satisfaction: increases
disordered eating: decreases

73
Q

what is muscle dysmorphia/ bigorexia?

A

an eating disorder that only affects men
an obsessive preoccupation with increasing muscularity and maintaining low body fat

74
Q

can objectification theory shed light on mens problems with muscle dysmorphia?

A

yes, especially due to increasing cultural objectification of the male form. greater exposure to idealized images of mens bodies encourages men to self objectify, which increases their body dissatisfaction and heightens their vulnerability to body image disorders

75
Q

why is objectification theory more important for gay men over heterosexual men?

A

because they experience stronger pressures to conform to physical attractiveness standards (thinness, eating disorders)

76
Q

what is the male gaze?

A

voyeuristic and sexual mode of viewing others that reflects mens patriarchal power (women and gay men experience this)

77
Q

how do LGBTQ statuses relate to mental health?

A

heightened risks of mental illnesses (depression, anxiety, substance abuse, self injury, suicide)

78
Q

why do LGBTQ people experience heightened differences in rates of mental illness?

A

minority stress theory (belonging to a stigmatized group can create stressors (rejection, harassment abuse, discrimination, internalized stigma) unique to the minority experience)

79
Q

what percentage of homeless youth are LGBTQ? why?

A

30-40%
parental neglect, abuse (run away to escape), family conflict, evicted by parents,

80
Q

living in a hostile environment impair mental health for who?

A

sexual and gender minority individuals (by arousing chronic feelings of anxiety, worry and hopelessness)

81
Q

what is internalized homophobia?

A

self directed antigay attitudes held by sexual minority individuals

82
Q

when does internalized homophobia and internalized transphobia occur?

A

when people internalize the negative which produces stress that can manifest as mental health problems

83
Q

why is internalized homophobia higher among black and latinx than white sexual minority individuals?

A

because they can internalize both homophobia and racism (which increases their vulnerability to psychological stress)

84
Q

what is the minority stress theories condition of double stigma?

A

being a member of more than one stigmatized group (double the stress)

85
Q

what is the strong black women schema (SBW schema)?

A

a set of beliefs and attitudes about what it means to be a black woman. this explains black womens underuse of mental health services

86
Q

what is subjective well- being (SWB)?

A

short term experiences of positive emotions and longer term global judgments of life satisfaction, meaning and purpose

87
Q

who possesses more subjective well- being, men or women?

A

no sex difference (but women do report stronger intensities of positive emotions than men do)

88
Q

what is androgyny?

A

possessing high levels of both male- typed and female- typed traits. this predicts positive psychological health outcomes

89
Q

what is communion?

A

qualities that connect and orient people to others (warmth, generosity)

90
Q

what is agency?

A

qualities that distinguish people from others and orient them toward the self (independence, assertiveness)

91
Q

what is balanced authenticity?

A

healthy middle ground between the needs for self- focus and other- focus (reap the benefits of both agency and communion, they also score better on personal mental health)

Psychology of Gender- textbook (14 decks)

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