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Psychology of Gender- textbook > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the need to belong?

A

the fundamental need for a small number of close relationships that offer frequent, positive interactions

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2
Q

according to social psychologists what does meeting our need to belong help?

A

survival and well being, they depend on our connections to others (in the same way that meeting our needs for air food and water does)

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3
Q

how can people satisfy the need to belong?

A

by having frequent, emotionally positive interactions with a small number of other people

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4
Q

what are social networks?

A

the extended circles of people with whom we interact regularly, whether or not we know them well or feel close to them

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5
Q

what does having a large network indicate?

A

better social integration which predicts positive psychological and physical health outcomes

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6
Q

what role does gender play in social networks?

A

men and women have the same average social networks but women tend to have more close people in their network than men do

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7
Q

does living with a spouse mentally benefit men or women more?

A

men

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8
Q

what are african americans social networks likely to experience, compared to white people?

A

deaths of friends and family members (and at younger ages)
lose their jobs
suffer illness and injury
be in jail

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9
Q

women and men both desire closeness and intimacy with same sex friendships, what do these friendships include for women?

A

high levels of shared emotions
personal disclosure
talking through problems
social support

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10
Q

what do mens same sex friendships include?

A

high levels of shared activities and conversations about non personal topics (sports, work)

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11
Q

if women and men both desire friendships that involve intimacy and closeness, why might these sex differences in friendships emerge?

A

hypothesis 1: male gender role discourages certain forms of same sex closeness because these may raise suspicions about same sex sexuality (early in life boys learn to restrict vulnerable emotions)
or
hypothesis 2: mens and womens same sex friendships do not differ in intimacy

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12
Q

what two factors explain sex differences in male friendship intimacy?

A

emotional restraint
homophobia
ex. someone whos gay will be less likely to disclose that info with their male peers

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13
Q

why might mens and womens same sex friendships not differ?

A

women do share more about themselves compared to men but men do more activities together so researchers might incorrectly attribute more intimacy to female friendships because women share more about themselves, but men doing activities with their friends might make them just as intimate

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14
Q

what is the homosexual perspective?

A

an approach proposing that men achieve friendship intimacy in the context of units that share goals and joint activities and contain opposing emotions

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15
Q

what does the homosexaul perspective say about womens same sex friendships and mens same sex friendships?

A

that they both allow for intimacy but via different social dynamics (men are in large hierarchically organized groups, women are in groups of a few close friends)

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16
Q

when do cross sex friendships arise?

A

college is when it starts to become the most common

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17
Q

people desire and appreciate the same things in cross sex friends as they do in same sex friends (kindness, honesty, humor…) but what is one difference that cross sex friends can offer over same sex friends?

A

romantic preferences of the other sex

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18
Q

do heterosexual individuals feel more or less competition in cross sex friendships compared to same sex?

A

less

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19
Q

what is one issue that may complicate cross sex friendships?

A

audience problem

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20
Q

what is the audience problem?

A

the tendency for observers to assume that platonic friends are romantically involved, especially likely to occur in cross sex friendships

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21
Q

what reduces the audience problem?

A

if the friendship is strictly platonic (if they are fucking it will increase the audience problem)
friendship is between a straight girl and gay man

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22
Q

why might a gay man and a straight woman be so close?

A

they value advice about dating from each other more so than anyone else

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23
Q

who is more likely to have cross sex friendships at younger ages, asian cultures or western?

A

western

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24
Q

what group is more likely to have a friends with benefits?

A

white, young and less religious people

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25
Q

what are chosen families?

A

the friend circles of LGBTQ+ individuals that stand in for biological families and consist largely of individuals who understand the unique challenges of being LGBTQ+

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26
Q

who depends more on their chosen families, gay and bisexual men or lesbian and bisexual women?

A

gay and bisexual men

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27
Q

what are passionate friendships?

A

friendships characterized by intense longing for proximity, high levels of affection and large amounts of physical touch (cuddling, hand holding)
minority women are most likely to have these friendships, which may turn romantic

maggie and jacqueline

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28
Q

what are mate preferences?

A

qualities that people claim to desire in a potential sexual or romantic mate

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29
Q

what do most adolescents and young adults desire in a partner?

A

a partner who loves them, who has favorable traits (intelligent, dependable, emotional stability/ maturity, social) and who are similar to them and want the same things that they want

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30
Q

how do women and men differ in what they value in a partner generally?

A

physical attractiveness, domestic competence and earning potential
men value: good looks, good cook and housekeeper
women value: good financial prospects and ambition industriousness
(these differences are becoming weaker, ex. in finland women desire a man with housekeeping more than financial responsibility)

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31
Q

what do young black women value in a partner?

A

physical attractiveness
potential for success
financial stability
high earning potential

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32
Q

what is parental investment theory?

A

the idea that female members of many species are especially picky when choosing mates because they invest more than males do in each offspring

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33
Q

what does parental investment theory help justify for mate preferences in men and women?

A

women should display stronger preference for partners who can offer resources and protection
men should display stronger preference for partners who are attractive because physical attractiveness indicates reproductive success and genetic health

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34
Q

do partners physical attractiveness predict romantic interest and liking more strongly among men than women? what about financial prospects being more strong in women than men?

A

no, men and women both value physical attraction moderately strongly (r=0.40 to 0.43)
no, men and women value financial prospects weakly (r= 0.09 to 0.12)

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35
Q

what is partner homogamy?

A

universal tendency for people to bond and mate with others who are similar to them on a wide range of variables (personality, attitudes, intelligence, body type, background, education, risk of disease)

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36
Q

what guides peoples choice in mates mainly?

A

similarity

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37
Q

why do people like to have a homogenous partner?

A

because they validate your worldviews and reduce interpersonal conflicts

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38
Q

members of same sex couples show less partner homogamy than heterosexual couples, why?

A

smaller pool of potential partners
dont normally meet their partners in high homogenous places (work) and instead meet their partners at minority gatherings (which would consist of different cultures, races and worldviews)

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39
Q

when do most people in western cultures (gay or straight) start to experience dating and romantic relationships?

A

adolescence

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40
Q

what are dating scripts?

A

stereotyped cognitive representations of the sequences of events that take place during dates (these sequences have not changed much over the past several decades)

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41
Q

in adulthood what do heterosexual women expect men to do on the first date?

A

plan the date
select the venue and activities
pick them up
pay for the date
(if it gets sexual, men should initiate)

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42
Q

what is paternalistic chivalry?

A

the expectation that men should be both protective and polite toward women in romantic contexts, treating dates like “ladies” and offering to pay for them (have not changed much over the past several decades)

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43
Q

do women and men view paternalistic chivalry positively or negatively?

A

positive in dating contexts

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44
Q

what is benevolent sexism?

A

belief that women are more virtuous than men and ought to be cherished and protected

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45
Q

what do men and women think about opening the door open for eachother?

A

men think they should open the door for her
women think they should open doors for each other

46
Q

what do hookup scripts include?

A

men initiating more physical contact (power)
men “gain” status from hookups
women “lose” status
women feel more guilt and regret about hookups
(men are more likely to hookup than women)

47
Q

who do you think is more romantic about love and falls in love more easily, women or men?

A

they are the same (even with trans and nonbinary) but women report a stronger desire for partners to show love with acts (i.e. good listener, spending time talking, creating a feeling of security)

48
Q

what has marriages primary purpose been throughout history?

A

expanding family networks, sharing resources, increasing the family labor source (think about arranged marriages)

49
Q

what is a feme covert?

A

the legal status of married women in british common law and american colonial law, whereby women transferred their identities and rights to their husband upon marriage

50
Q

what effects did the legal practices of feme covert have in the modern era?

A

men allowed to beat their wives, demand sex from them and divorce them if no children were produced (this makes marriage be a patriarchal arrangement that institutionalized mens power over women)

51
Q

when did the practice of marrying for love originate?

A

in western europe between the 16th and 18th centuries, by the end of the 1700s, love based marriage was the cultural ideal in western europe and north america

52
Q

what were some important feminist effort improvments?

A

voting rights (19th century)
birth control pill (1960)
reduce gender discrimination (1970)
criminalized domestic violence (1970)
womens right to abortion (1970)

53
Q

what races report never married status at ages 25+?

A

latino/ latina
black

54
Q

do couples marry earlier or later now than in the 1960s? what about remarriage? has the average family size been increasing or decreasing, what about having births outside marriage, what about divorce rates?

A

later
more couples remarry now
decreasing
increased (more likely for non educated people and black women)
increase (lots of black families)

55
Q

are arranged marriages voluntary?

A

yes, both partners have the right to refuse the pairing

56
Q

what is an autonomous marriage?

A

also called a love marriage
marriage in which individuals select their own partners

57
Q

what marriages are more likely to end in divorce, arranged or autonomous?

A

autonomous (though they tend to report more love and emotional attachment than arranged marriages)

58
Q

what is a polygamous marriage?

A

marriage in which one individual is married to more than one other spouse at a time (women have poorer mental health and relationship satisfaction in these marriages)

sister wives

59
Q

what is polygyny?

A

marriage between one husband and multiple wives

sister wives

60
Q

what is polyandry?

A

marriage between the wife and multiple husbands (more rare than polygyny)

61
Q

what is consensual non monogamy (CNM)?

A

a general category of relationship arrangements in which all partners agree that it is acceptable to pursue sexual or romantic relationships with others
ex. partners might designate specific times when it is okay for them to have sex with others
ex. partners might agree that they all must be present during nonmonogamous encounters (i.e. group sex)

62
Q

what is a type of consensual nonmonogamy?

A

polyamory

63
Q

what is polyamory?

A

adults form emotional and romantic connections with more than one adult partner with the knowledge and consent of all parties

64
Q

why is it so hard to study consensual non monogamy?

A

because many people remain closeted about this relationship type because it is so stigmatized

65
Q

what does a four person family consist of? in terms of relationship

A

married male female couple and two other men who are lovers of the husband and of each other

66
Q

what are the core principles of polyamory?

A

honesty
self knowledge
consent
self possession
prioritizing of love over negative emotions (such as jealousy)

67
Q

how is a happy marriage good for your health?

A

better physical health
low rates of mortality
(more likely in high quality marriages and in men (they experience more positive health benefits than women))

68
Q

who has better outcomes, unhappy married men or unmarried men? what about unhappy married women and unmarried women?

A

unhappy married men
unhappy married women

69
Q

what are side effects for women in unhappy marriages?

A

high risk of depression and alcoholism, poorer immune functioning and increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease than happily married and never married women

70
Q

what is an egalitarian relationship?

A

relationship in which partners share power and contribute to decisions equally (especially true for lesbian relationships), couples that have this report more relationship satisfaction

71
Q

normally when imbalances occur within heterosexual relationships, partners agree that the man has more control over decisions, what is the exception to this?

A

black relationships (the women has more power if theres an imbalance)

72
Q

what does each member in the couple need to contribute in order to show relationship satisfaction?

A

share domestic labor more equally (hetero and same sex couples), labor divisions may have a different definition of “equal” around the world (see ex.)
ex. in mexico, women do much more than half the domestic work and they do not see this as unfair

73
Q

if perceptions of labor division fairness are rooted in traditional gender roles, then do nontraditional couples divide labor more equally?

A

yes, lesbian couples report the most egalitarian divisions of labor, followed by gay, then heterosexual cohabiting couples, then childless married heterosexual couples, then married heterosexual couples

74
Q

what factors contribute to equal divisions of labor in a relationship?

A

socioeconomic and job flexibility

75
Q

what social class has the more gender traditional divisions of labor in the home?

A

working class (and less access to flexible work arrangements), they are becoming more egalitarian (as well as lower income)

76
Q

how do heterosexual men display love?

A

affectionate behaviors (“i love you”, holding hands)
initiate sex
engage in couple centered activities
do daily housework with their spouses (i.e. cooking)

77
Q

how do heterosexual women display love?

A

more positivity (less complaining and criticizing)
sexual exclusivity
affectionate behaviors (“i love you”, holding hands)

78
Q

what is the most common motive for IPV?

A

jealousy (correlates strongly with anger)

79
Q

what does jealousy do to relationships?

A

undermines trust
erodes satisfaction
increases stress and conflict

80
Q

whos more jealous, men or women?

A

both are the same

81
Q

how is jealousy activated in men?

A

sexual infidelity: when their partner has sex with someone else

82
Q

how is jealousy activated in women?

A

emotional infidelity: falling in love with someone else

83
Q

why is mens jealousy activated with sexual infidelity? what about women with emotional infidelity?

A

early human history
ex. men face the problem of paternity uncertainty, so men dont know with 100% certainty if its their kid
ex. women wanted a man who would remain committed to the family, if a man has an emotional connection with someone else, he might abandon the family

84
Q

what is cuckoldry?

A

a man whose wife is sexually unfaithful, regarded as an object of derision.

85
Q

what do couples fight about?

A

sex and physical intimacy
money
divisions of labor
parenting

86
Q

what does john gottman think couples fight about?

A

nothing (because most disagreements are from misunderstandings that spiral out of control)

87
Q

what are the arguments for the side of the debate that there are sex differences in jealousy through evolution?

A

men experience more sexual than emotional jealousy because men show more central nervous system arousal when imagining their partner cheating (hypothetical)
divorce more likely occurs after a woman cheats rather than a man
occurs due to ancestral mating problems

88
Q

what are the arguments for the side of the debate that there are not sex differences in jealousy through evolution?

A

could stem from sociocultural factors (i.e. mens desire to control and suppress womens sexuality), so women cheating is threatening because it indicates a level of sexual autonomy that challenges male dominance over women which leads men to be jealous because of a desire to control womens bodies
gender wage gap for ex ensures that women are dependent on men this is why they might get jealous about emotional cheating

89
Q

what are two interaction patterns that predict divorce?

A

husband showing rapid incline of negative emotion when discussing a disagreement with wife
demand withdraw pattern (when the wife demands and husband withdrawals)

90
Q

what is the demand withdraw pattern?

A

one couple member makes a demanding remark and the other partner responds by withdrawing from the interaction (emotionally or physically) this withdrawal reaction shuts down further communication and can leave the first partner feeling as though they are talking at a “stone wall”

91
Q

how do same sex couples deal with conflict?

A

more positive emotions when first initiating conflict discussions

92
Q

are couples that show more hostility (anger, demanding, dominating), distress and withdrawal during conflict likely to last?

A

no as they are lower in satisfaction

93
Q

are couples that show more intimacy (humor and self disclosure) and problem solving during conflict discussions likely to last?

A

yes, they have higher satisfaction

94
Q

are married people more or less likely to report greater happiness and life satisfaction?

A

more likely (compared to unmarried people)

95
Q

what percentage of first time heterosexual western marriages end in divorce?

A

40%

96
Q

do same sex couples have higher or lower rates of breakups compared to heterosexual?

A

higher

97
Q

why do same sex couples have higher rates of breakups?

A

because heterosexual couples have higher rates of staying with a partner due to children and financial dependence which is less common in same sex relationships, so same sex couples will just break up

98
Q

are there sex differences in the reasons that people end relationships?

A

women report relationship problems more often and initiate divorce more often (men and women are equally likely to breakup with eachother if unmarried)

99
Q

by age 40, 85% of women and 76% of men in the US have had at least one child, what two important relationships does parenting involve?

A

between coparents
parent and child

100
Q

parenthood is typically associated with declines in relationship satisfaction, why?

A

children introduce financial burdens, restrictions of freedom and leisure time, disrupted sleep, reduce sexual activity, and role conflicts

101
Q

can postpartum depression be in women and men?

A

yes (but more likely in women)

102
Q

what divisions of childcare do same sex couples have?

A

equitable divisions (lesbian mothers also feel more satisfied than heterosexual mothers do with their contributions to parenting)

103
Q

why has the number of people in western cultures that are child free by choice increased?

A

lack of interest in parenting
a desire for personal career and financial advancement
health concerns
concerns for humanity and the earth

104
Q

what is some good news about parenting?

A

relationship satisfaction may remain stable or increase after parenthood
if satisfaction decreases at first it might rebound over time as couples adjust
individual happiness often increases
active father involvement correlates with greater relationship satisfaction
most people love their children and feel happy to have them around

105
Q

what is the maternal instinct?

A

a womens biological drive to bear and care for children

106
Q

what are essentialist beliefs?

A

assumptions that observed sex differences reflect inherent, natural, biological differences between women and men (still believe that men have a critical role in childrens development)
ex. lactation is a natural instinct to nurture offspring

107
Q

compared with women, how are men stereotyped as fathers?

A

uninterested in becoming fathers
disinclined to take responsibility for their children
low in natural caregiving talent

108
Q

what are people who endorse essentialist parenting beliefs more inclined to view?

A

heterosexual, two parent families as superior to other types of family structures
assume mothers of young children cannot excel in the workplace

109
Q

are mothers and fathers equally good parents?

A

yes, but women are seen as better cause they get more on the job training

110
Q

what do parents need to provide to their children?

A

warmth
sensitivity (being able to evaluate/interpret a childs needs and respond appropiately)
consistency (responding in a predictable, reliable manner so that infants come to expect that their needs will be met)

111
Q

what is attachment theory?

A

a theory that describes the processes by which adults and infants become attached and develop strong emotional bonds (this type of parenting allows the child to have the best outcomes)

112
Q

according to attachment theory do children need both parents?

A

no, the single parent just needs to offer warm, sensitive and consistent caretaking (if two adults share the parenting task, caregiving will be more likely to occur)

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