Chapter 8 Flashcards
hindbrain
medulla (blood pressure, heart rate), reticular formation (attention and wakefulness), pons and cerebellum (integrating msucle and postural information).
midbrain
reticular system, sensory and motor correlation centres: integrating reflexes and automatic behaviour
forebrain
influences mood and behaviour: thalamus (attention, memory, central hub), hypothalamus: levensbehoeften, limbic system
Cerebrum
Basal ganglia (complex motor coordination), cortex.
frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe
Dit deel regelt het denken, zien, spreken, voelen, ruiken en proeven
frontal lobe
executive functions, motivation, connections to the limbic system
temporal lobe
left is language
visuospatial skills in the right, smell hearing, integrating senses, memory, linking emotions to memory
occipital lobe
visual perception
arietal lobe
integration of sensory information
Cerebrovascular incident (CVA; stroke)
caused by problems with blood supply to the brain. Can be duo to blood clot.
- sudden weakness/numbness on one side of the body, confusion or difficulty talking or understanding, difficuly seeing, walking, loss of balance, severe headache. ACT FAST! ASK
Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)
Temporary version of a stroke
FAST for a stroke
- Face: ask person to smile - droops the face
- Arms: lift arms, see problem on one side
- Speech: repeat what i am saying
- Time: all signals, call an ambulance
neurotransmitters for sympathic nervous system
acetylcholine (PARASYMPATHIC) but also norepinephrine in second row of nerves control organs
SAM axis
the SAM axis concerns immediate sympathetic activation preparing an individual to deal with a stressor, resulting in for example increased heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) and release of catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Acute stress!
pituitary gland is stimulated by the hypothalamus and releases hormones into the blood, including ACTH. what does this do?
This controls the release of corticosteroids (cortisol)
cortisol
increases the availability of energy stores and fat as fuel for long periods of exercise. it also suppresses inflammatory response of damaged tissue
HPA axis
The primary function of the activated HPA axis is to release glucocorticoids that activate short-term physiological responses to stress.
deals with chronic stress
5 components of the immune system
- physical defence: skin
- mechanical defence: cilia (little hairs) in lungs, coughing, sneezing, urination, crying
- chemical defence: acid in stomach, sebum on body hair, body flkuis contain lysozyme which kills bacteria and such. Also intestines contain antibody immunoglobulin (A (IgA)
- Harmless pathogens: do us no harm and defend their territory against bad pathogens
- lymph nodes: near entry points for pathogens and contain many lymphocytes (white blood cells)
lymp nodes
near entry points for pathogens and contain many lymphocytes (white blood cells)
lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is a network of delicate tubes throughout the body. It drains fluid (called lymph) that has leaked from the blood vessels into the tissues and empties it back into the bloodstream via the lymph nodes. The main roles of the lymphatic system include: managing the fluid levels in the body.
also the lympathic fluid contains cells that destroy antigens.
Contains phagocytes, Lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
phagocytes (circulatory system):
attract antigens and then destroy them
neutrophils (phagocyte)
short life, defence against bacteria and infections
macrophages (phagocyte)
live longer and attack dead cells and antigens living inside cells
Lymphocytes
(in blood and lymph)
Cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, Plasma B cells, Memory B cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Bind to antigens, injecting iron and water into the cell so that it explodes
Helper T cells (CD4+):
trigger or increase immune response
Plasma B cells
Bind to antigens so phagocytes can find them, and they clear antigens before they enter body cells
Memory B cells
live forever in the blood and lymphatic fluid. learn chemical structure of antigens and from then on can deal with antigens more effectively
Natural killer (NK) cells
move through the blood and attack cancer and infected cells
what does adrenaline mean for the immune system
more phagocytes and NK cells, but fewer T cells
Cortisol, influence on cells
fewer helper T cells and less uptake of cells by macrophages
inflammation in the immune system
adrenaline and noradreanline affect the amount of inflammation during an immune response by affecting interleukin systems. Inflammation is a positive process, because it removes dead cells and tissue damage and initates repair. adrenaline increases, so cortisol inhibits inflammatory response.
What does HIV do?
the virus infects T-helper cells, preventing them from alerting B and T cells. the immune system may even attack its own infected T-helper cells.
When does AIDS begin?
when there are fewer than 200/mm3 T-helper cells or the individual develops life-threatening infections
Diabetes 1
your pancreas doesn’t make insulin or makes very little insulin. Insulin helps blood sugar enter the cells in your body for use as energy. Without insulin, blood sugar can’t get into cells and builds up in the bloodstream. eveyrone can get this
diabetes 2
for when you’re a fat fuck. enough insulin, but your body doesn’t respond to it.
rheumatoid arrthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body. RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once.
two types of medication: fast first line (aspirin cortisol)
slow second line (gold, methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine –> prevent joint breakdown)
multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS , the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.
oesophagus
transports food from mouth to stomach as it compresses it
gastrin
ensures acid production in the stomach
secretin
produces fluid rich in alkaline (ensures the intestinal wall is not damaged by the caid) and enzymes to break down food and it stimulates the liver to release bile
cholecystokinin
galbladder releases bile into small intestine
gastric ulcer
A stomach or gastric ulcer is a break in the tissue lining of the stomach. Most stomach ulcers are caused by infection with the Helicobacter pylori bacterium or anti-inflammatory medication, not stress or poor diet as once thought. Treatment options include antibiotics and acid-suppressing medications.
crohn’s disease
What is Crohn’s disease? Crohn’s disease is a chronic disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract. Most commonly, Crohn’s affects your small intestine and the beginning of your large intestine. However, the disease can affect any part of your digestive tract, from your mouth to your anus.
inflammationA condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is inflamed over a long period of time
ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a disease in which the lining of the colon (the large intestine) becomes inflamed and develops sores (ulcers), leading to bleeding and diarrhea. The inflammation almost always affects the rectum and lower part of the colon, but it can affect the entire colon (figure 1). a stoma may be required
difference between ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease
n Crohn’s disease, there are healthy parts of the intestine mixed in between inflamed areas. Ulcerative colitis, on the other hand, is continuous inflammation of the colon. Ulcerative colitis only affects the inner most lining of the colon while Crohn’s disease can occur in all the layers of the bowel walls.
Colorectal cancer, symptoms
What Are the Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer?
A change in bowel habits.
Blood in or on your stool (bowel movement).
Diarrhea, constipation, or feeling that the bowel does not empty all the way.
Abdominal pain, aches, or cramps that don’t go away.
Weight loss and you don’t know why.
Arteries
transport blood away from the heart
arterioles
connect the large arteries to organs
veins
transport blood from organs to the heart. They have valves to prevent blood from flowing back
sinoatrial node (SA in the right atrium)
The SA (sinoatrial) node generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract. The signal then passes through the AV (atrioventricular) node to the lower heart chambers (ventricles), causing them to contract, or pump. The SA node is considered the pacemaker of the heart.
atrioventricular node (AV)
The AV node lies at the lower back section of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus, and conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
emphysema (COPD)
broken alveoli causing reduced elasticity and surface area. origantes from smoking or pollution. shortness of breath and an unproductive cough
exogenous
nutrients, oxygen cells
endogenous cells: three types of cells
belong in blood and are made in stem cells
- erythrocytes: red blood cells, transport oxygen using haemoglobin
- phagocytes and lymphocytes: white blood cells, immune system
- Platelets (bloedplaatjes!): responds to damages by forming a clot
dialostic blood pressure
Blood pressure is measured using two numbers: The first number, called systolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats. The second number, called diastolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats.
systolic blood pressure
due to pressure from the heart
carotid arteries
Your carotid arteries are an important part of your circulatory system. They send oxygen-rich blood to organs and tissues in your head and neck, including your brain
Atherosclerosis
is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque.
Myocardial infarction (MI)
A heart attack (medically known as a myocardial infarction) is a deadly medical emergency where your heart muscle begins to die because it isn’t getting enough blood flow. A blockage in the arteries that supply blood to your heart usually causes this. when a blood clot enters the veins to the heart
Angina
Angina happens when your heart muscle does not get enough oxygen-rich blood. Medical conditions, particularly heart disease, or lifestyle habits can cause angina
Angina
Angina happens when your heart muscle does not get enough oxygen-rich blood. Medical conditions, particularly heart disease, or lifestyle habits can cause angina
bronchi
carry air from the mouth to the lungs, dividing into smaller bronchi and then into smaller tubes called bronchioles.
pharynx
cilia move filth to the pharynx as part of the immune system
respiration
inspiration, expiration
