Chapter 5 Flashcards
difference distal and proximal beliefs about health behaviour
distal: culture, environment, ethnicity, SES, age, gender and personality –> more of a moderator between influences and health behavior.
proximal: beliefs about health behaviour. Proximal influences can be a mediator in the relationship between a distal influence and health behaviour.
Eysenck’s three-factor model:
extroversion-neuroticism-psychoticism
McCrae and Costa’s five-factor model
OCEAN: openess, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
locus of control
Locus of control verwijst naar de mate waarin een persoon zijn gedrag toeschrijft aan interne (‘het lag aan mij’) of externe (‘het lag buiten mij’) oorzaken. Mensen kennen altijd een oorzaak toe aan hun gedrag.
het is het beste om een internal health locus of control te hebben
Multidimensional Health Locus of Control
kijken wat voor locus of control je hebt. Je wilt die internal health locus of control!
perceived behavioural control
is more beaviour specific and focused on proximal influences unlike HLC (theory of planned behaviour, health action process approach model)
Dispositional pessimism in terms of self control
a belief of low personal control leads to higher perceivd risk of disease but less doing of health protective behaviour
self-determination theory
considers the extent to which behavior is self-motivated (intrinsic factors) and influenced by the core needs of autonomy, competence and psychological factors. Self-determination theory suggests that all humans have three basic psychological needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—that underlie growth and development. Autonomy refers to feeling one has choice and is willingly endorsing one’s behavior.
difference between descriptive and injunctive norms
Descriptive norms are related to the observation of others’ overt behaviors (how much and how often they drink), while injunctive norms are based on the inference of others’ approval of drinking.
existential theory
individuals must seek meaning in their lives if they are to find metal health or happiness
attitudes are based on what three components?
congitive: beliefs
emotional: feelings
behavioural/intentional: what you intend to do
stable, generalizable, and consistent
cognitive dissonane
when we have conflicting thoughts. ambivalence arises when we don’t resolve the cognitive dissonance and you want to change but you don’t
ambivalence
arises when we don’t resolve the cognitive dissonance and you want to change but you don’
nudging
to encourage or persuade someone to do something in a way that is gentle rather than forceful or direct (acts on implicit attitudes)
unrealistic optimism
some people compare themselves to certain others to make a risk assessment that will come out in their favour
social cognitive theory (SCT)
Bandura: behaviour determined by three types of individual expectations
1. situation-oucomes expectancies: smoking –> heart attack
2. outcome expectancies: stop smoking –> less chance of a heart attack
3. self-efficacy beliefs –> whether you think you can stop smoking
the health belief model
Een vroege en uitgebreid onderzochte theorie over waarom mensen bepaald gezond gedrag wel en niet in de praktijk brengen. Volgens het model is de ervaren dreiging de belangrijkste determinant van motivatie of intentie om preventief of gezondheidsbevorderend gedrag te vertonen.
the hbm is more involved in starting behavior, and less involved in sustaining health behaviour. It is also a static model; it does not consider changing beliefs
limitations of HBM
- relationships between components are complex
- overestimates the role of threat: can be counterproductive
- beliefs about benefits and barriers of an individual are not in the HBM and are more predictive than general beliefs
- pays too little attention to interpersonal dynamics
- previous behavior also affects current beahviour
- emotions can also affect behaviour
- enjoyment of health behaviouris also a more important predictor of future behaviour
theory of planned behaviour
attitude toward the behaviour, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, all lead to intention which leads to behaviour.
PRedictive value of perceived behavioural control is greatest when viewed in interaction with other components of the model, such as beliefs and attitudes and general locus of control. People with high LOC, the relationship between perceived behavioral control and intention is greatest.
since smoking is a habit, tbp doesnt explian it, it does explain sexual behaviour like using condoms
what does TPB not do?
It does not look at the bidirectional relationship between predictors (attitudes and subjective norm) and outcomes of intention or behaviour
- there is a gap between having an intention and actual behavior, no distinction is made in starting and sustaining behaviour.
Gollwitzer: implementation-intention
if then statement in which you describe the context and the desired behaviour. The gap between intention and behaviour lies in the lack of a plan. it makes behaviour more automatic.
what are other predictors beside TPB?
past behaviour, habits and automaticity, emotions (like inaction regret) , moral normals, self-identity, implementation intention, coping planning, goals and goal intentions
a stage theory has four properties (Weinstein)
- calssification system to determine stages
- there is an order to stages and everyone must go through all stages to achieve change. Not everyone reaches the end point and people can also fall back into a lower stage
- stages are characterised by certain barriers
- different stages have different barriers
the transtheoretical model/stages of change model: TTM/SoC
Developed to describe the process of intentionally starting and sustaining behaviour. Model assumes different stages.
1. precontemplation: no interest or need for interest in change
2. contemplation: thinking about changing
3. preparation: planning for change
4. action: adopting new habits
5. maintenance: ongoing practice of newm healthier behaviour
what is the decisional balance in the transtheoretical model/SoC model?
the weighting of the advantages and disadvantages. during the contemplation phase, the disadvantages could outweigh the advantages forexample, but this could be different in the preparation phase.
What are limitations of the TTm?
- are the motivation factors necessary for change? self-efficacy is very important, as in all phases
- the time durations associated with different phases are not correct
- not all participants fit into one of the five phases. continuous scale of readiness to change seems better than discrete phases
- there is no phase where people do not have enougn knowledge of the problem (as in the beginning with COVID)
-there is no influence of past behaviour - model forgets the social aspect of many health behaviours
The precaution adoption process model (PAPM)
considered limitations of the TTM
- unaware of issue
- unengaged by the issue
- deciding about acting
- deciding not to act OR
- decided to act
- acting
- maintenance.
health action process approach (HAPA)
Motivation stage: attitudes, cognitions and social factors influence a person’s intention to change behaviour
- risk perception
- outcome expectancies probably precede self-efficacy (if it is the first time someone is doing something)
- task self-efficacy
- goal intentio
- self-efficacy in the motivation phase is task/pre-action self-efficacy: whether you can imagine that you are going to be succesful.
Volition stage: to turn an intention into action, a conscious choice to act must be made and this involves planning. Especially in complex behaviours, this is necessary.
- implementation intentions come into play here
- initiative self-efficacy is needed: the belief that you can take initiative when needed. when you have started you need maintenance self-efficacy. recovery self-efficacy when you relapse and so on.
limitations of the HAPA
does it predict behaviour better than other models in certain populations? it predicts behaviour less well for young people and where are the unconscious processes
Information-Motivation-Behavioural skills model (IMB)
states that behaviour can be directly or indirectly influenced by information a person has about certain behaviour and its consequences.
