Chapter 1 Flashcards
incidence
number of cases added in a given interval - Percentage van aantal nieuwe gevallen met een ziekte of verschijnsel dat voorkomt in een populatie gedurende een bepaalde periode, veelal uitgedrukt per jaar.
trephination
small holes found in several skulls, to release evil spirits from the head.
aetiology
cause (of disease) - mind was not seen as couse of disease. Hippocrates and Galen shared the same view in tegenstelling to descartes, theory of humours proved to be wrong, maar the underlying idea of the connection between body and mind remained
mechanistic view
Body was seen as a kind of machine
biomedical model
diseases and symptoms have an underlying physiological explanation
monistic materialism
idea that the non physical mind cannot be studied seperately from the physical brain
behaviourism
monistic, rejects the study of a non physical brain, studies visible stimuli
humanism
by understanding the unqiue human experience can we understand individual behaviour
impairment
structural abnormality of the body, leading to disability
handicap
experiencing difficulties in fulfilling social roles
biomedical model of illness is a reductionist view (mind and behaviour are reduced to the level of cells). what questions remain unanswered?
- how do you explain medically unexplained symptoms?
- how do you explain that people with the same disease react differently to it?
- It is better to give someone a cochlear implant than to have the environment learn sign language (change the individual vs the environment)
lay theories of health
1) overall state of well-being
2) absence of symptoms
3) things a physically fit person can do
so according to bauman, a feeling, symptom orientation and performance
Bennet: health is…
something you are, have and do. Average person does not often think of health as something you have.
WHO definition of health
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or weakness.
Rather questionable: what is complete?
holistic view of treatment
treat them as one (africa)
developmental processes depend on the interaction between 3 factors:
- learning
- experience
- maturation
the 4 stages of Piaget
- sensorimotor 0 -2 = understanding through sensation and movement
- preoperational 2-7 = symbolic thought develops–> imagination and intellectual development through simple logical thinking, play and language. The children tend to be self-centered (egocentric)
- concrete operational 7-11: logical thinking, mental operations, manipulationg objects to solve problems; allocentric thinking (other people’s perspective can be understood)
- formal operartional (12-adulthood) = not eveyrone reaches this stage. Abstract thinking and imagination, deductive reasoning, metacognition, introspection.
Erikson 8 major life stages, vary across 4 different dimensions
- cognitive an intellectual functioning: understanding health instructions
- language and communication skills: social development, expressing problemens
- understanding an illness and seeking help
- healthcare and maintenance behaviour: assessed risk
Bibace and Walsh: illness concept that children have of different cognitive developmental stages
- sensorimotor: can’t comprehend
- preoperational: NO theory of mind, don’t sympathise. lllness based on magical level. Phenomenonism (up to 4) illness linked to a sound or sign (such as coughing) and contagion (4-7) illness due to an object, person or action
Concrete operational: can’t think logically, but cannot distinguish between the mind and body. More based on cause and effect. Contamination: bacteria and own behaviour can cause disease. Internalisation: illness is in your body, and weknow how it leads to symptoms. Children can be encouraged to participate in treatment themselves to become healthy. Communication is very important.
Adolescence and formal operational thought: many health-limiting behaviors take place. They understand what happens in the body.
Early adulthood (17-40): developing independence, maturation, and responsibility. New perspectives come from experience and are applied. they often apply protective behaviours for health reasons
Middle age (40-60 years): period of doubt and anxiety and change due to empty nest syndrome and physical changes
Elderly: people are getting older. health care because of vergrijzing will only be more important
oldest: period of limitations and dependency
model van bibace and walsh about kids understanding illness is not complete. why?
- adolescents experience more control over the illness and understand that some things are necessary, but they will not cooperate if it gets in the way of goals or peer approval.
- how children communicate their symptoms, how they act and how much responsibuility they feel for the disease depends on cognitive development, as well as experience and knowledge. Communication about health should be age appropriate
Bowling and Liffe describe 5 models of succesful ageing
-. biomedical model
- broader biomedical model: physical functioning social participation and acivity
- social functioning
- psychological resources model: based on personal characteristics
- lay model: all of the above and socio-economic variables
lay model was the best predictor of good quality of life, followed by the broader biomedical model
psychosomatic medicine
idea that the mind and body are involved in disease. Certain personalities make one more suscpectible for disease, like hostility. suppressed emotions, psychogenic diseases (with no physical explanation) were often written off as psychosomatic.
Rubicon odel of action phases
choosing, Planning, Acting and Evaluating
Libertarian paternalism
Libertarian paternalism is the idea that it is both possible and legitimate for private and public institutions to affect behavior while also respecting freedom of choice
Live For Life Program (Johnson & Johnson)
mission was to provide direciton and resources to J&J employees and families that will result in healthier lifestyles
primary goal: cost entertainment.
results: * Favourable results after 1 year on:
weight, physical fitness, bloodpressure, smoking
and self-reported absenteeism
* Favourable results after 2 years on:
physical fitness and smoking
StayWell programme
use of socio-cultural processes
informal leaders & volunteers action teams
change work environment into a healthy lifestyle -
supportive environment
create support groups
Sun Safe Workplaces
Work-site based skin cancer prevention
* Workplace sun safety program that promoted
policy adoption and education
* Government organisations in Colorado with
outdoor workers
* Target: change policy and individual sun protection behaviours
* Results:
* Significant improvement in employees’ sun protection practices
(e.g. using sunscreen, wearing wide-brimmed hats) and reduced
prevalence of sunburns in comparison to control workplaces
* Policy implementation mediated the effect on employees’ sun
protection practices and sunburn prevalence
Review of the effects of Assessment of Health Risks with
Feedback (AHRF) plus *
Strong or sufficient evidence:
↓ tobacco use
↓ dietary fat consumption
↑ seat belt use
↓ high blood pressure
↓ total serum cholesterol levels
↓ high-risk drinkers
↓ number of days absenteismdue to illness or disability↑ physical activity
↑ overall health and wellbeing↓ health care use
Insufficient evidence:
Fruit and vegetable consumption; Body composition (weight, BMI);
Overall physical fitness
AHRF = useful gateway activity to stimulate uptake of
WHP interventions
