Chapter 1

Question 1

incidence

Answer 1

number of cases added in a given interval - Percentage van aantal nieuwe gevallen met een ziekte of verschijnsel dat voorkomt in een populatie gedurende een bepaalde periode, veelal uitgedrukt per jaar.

Question 2

trephination

Answer 2

small holes found in several skulls, to release evil spirits from the head.

Question 3

aetiology

Answer 3

cause (of disease) - mind was not seen as couse of disease. Hippocrates and Galen shared the same view in tegenstelling to descartes, theory of humours proved to be wrong, maar the underlying idea of the connection between body and mind remained

Question 4

mechanistic view

Answer 4

Body was seen as a kind of machine

Question 5

biomedical model

Answer 5

diseases and symptoms have an underlying physiological explanation

Question 6

monistic materialism

Answer 6

idea that the non physical mind cannot be studied seperately from the physical brain

Question 7

behaviourism

Answer 7

monistic, rejects the study of a non physical brain, studies visible stimuli

Question 8

humanism

Answer 8

by understanding the unqiue human experience can we understand individual behaviour

Question 9

impairment

Answer 9

structural abnormality of the body, leading to disability

Question 10

handicap

Answer 10

experiencing difficulties in fulfilling social roles

Question 11

biomedical model of illness is a reductionist view (mind and behaviour are reduced to the level of cells). what questions remain unanswered?

Answer 11

• how do you explain medically unexplained symptoms?
• how do you explain that people with the same disease react differently to it?
• It is better to give someone a cochlear implant than to have the environment learn sign language (change the individual vs the environment)

Question 12

lay theories of health

Answer 12

1) overall state of well-being
2) absence of symptoms
3) things a physically fit person can do

so according to bauman, a feeling, symptom orientation and performance

Question 13

Bennet: health is…

Answer 13

something you are, have and do. Average person does not often think of health as something you have.

Question 14

WHO definition of health

Answer 14

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or weakness.

Rather questionable: what is complete?

Question 15

holistic view of treatment

Answer 15

treat them as one (africa)

Question 16

developmental processes depend on the interaction between 3 factors:

Answer 16

• learning
• experience
• maturation

Question 17

the 4 stages of Piaget

Answer 17

1. sensorimotor 0 -2 = understanding through sensation and movement
2. preoperational 2-7 = symbolic thought develops–> imagination and intellectual development through simple logical thinking, play and language. The children tend to be self-centered (egocentric)
3. concrete operational 7-11: logical thinking, mental operations, manipulationg objects to solve problems; allocentric thinking (other people’s perspective can be understood)
4. formal operartional (12-adulthood) = not eveyrone reaches this stage. Abstract thinking and imagination, deductive reasoning, metacognition, introspection.

Question 18

Erikson 8 major life stages, vary across 4 different dimensions

Answer 18

• cognitive an intellectual functioning: understanding health instructions
• language and communication skills: social development, expressing problemens
• understanding an illness and seeking help
• healthcare and maintenance behaviour: assessed risk

Question 19

Bibace and Walsh: illness concept that children have of different cognitive developmental stages

Answer 19

1. sensorimotor: can’t comprehend
2. preoperational: NO theory of mind, don’t sympathise. lllness based on magical level. Phenomenonism (up to 4) illness linked to a sound or sign (such as coughing) and contagion (4-7) illness due to an object, person or action
   Concrete operational: can’t think logically, but cannot distinguish between the mind and body. More based on cause and effect. Contamination: bacteria and own behaviour can cause disease. Internalisation: illness is in your body, and weknow how it leads to symptoms. Children can be encouraged to participate in treatment themselves to become healthy. Communication is very important.
   Adolescence and formal operational thought: many health-limiting behaviors take place. They understand what happens in the body.
   Early adulthood (17-40): developing independence, maturation, and responsibility. New perspectives come from experience and are applied. they often apply protective behaviours for health reasons
   Middle age (40-60 years): period of doubt and anxiety and change due to empty nest syndrome and physical changes
   Elderly: people are getting older. health care because of vergrijzing will only be more important
   oldest: period of limitations and dependency

Question 20

model van bibace and walsh about kids understanding illness is not complete. why?

Answer 20

• adolescents experience more control over the illness and understand that some things are necessary, but they will not cooperate if it gets in the way of goals or peer approval.
• how children communicate their symptoms, how they act and how much responsibuility they feel for the disease depends on cognitive development, as well as experience and knowledge. Communication about health should be age appropriate

Question 21

Bowling and Liffe describe 5 models of succesful ageing

Answer 21

-. biomedical model
- broader biomedical model: physical functioning social participation and acivity
- social functioning
- psychological resources model: based on personal characteristics
- lay model: all of the above and socio-economic variables

lay model was the best predictor of good quality of life, followed by the broader biomedical model

Question 22

psychosomatic medicine

Answer 22

idea that the mind and body are involved in disease. Certain personalities make one more suscpectible for disease, like hostility. suppressed emotions, psychogenic diseases (with no physical explanation) were often written off as psychosomatic.

Question 23

Rubicon odel of action phases

Answer 23

choosing, Planning, Acting and Evaluating

Question 24

Libertarian paternalism

Answer 24

Libertarian paternalism is the idea that it is both possible and legitimate for private and public institutions to affect behavior while also respecting freedom of choice

Question 25

Live For Life Program (Johnson & Johnson)

Answer 25

mission was to provide direciton and resources to J&J employees and families that will result in healthier lifestyles

primary goal: cost entertainment.

results: * Favourable results after 1 year on:
weight, physical fitness, bloodpressure, smoking
and self-reported absenteeism
* Favourable results after 2 years on:
physical fitness and smoking

Question 26

StayWell programme

Answer 26

 use of socio-cultural processes
informal leaders & volunteers  action teams
 change work environment into a healthy lifestyle -
supportive environment
 create support groups

Question 27

Sun Safe Workplaces

Answer 27

Work-site based skin cancer prevention
* Workplace sun safety program that promoted
policy adoption and education
* Government organisations in Colorado with
outdoor workers
* Target: change policy and individual sun protection behaviours
* Results:
* Significant improvement in employees’ sun protection practices
(e.g. using sunscreen, wearing wide-brimmed hats) and reduced
prevalence of sunburns in comparison to control workplaces
* Policy implementation mediated the effect on employees’ sun
protection practices and sunburn prevalence

Question 28

Review of the effects of Assessment of Health Risks with
Feedback (AHRF) plus *

Answer 28

Strong or sufficient evidence:
↓ tobacco use
↓ dietary fat consumption
↑ seat belt use
↓ high blood pressure
↓ total serum cholesterol levels
↓ high-risk drinkers
↓ number of days absenteismdue to illness or disability↑ physical activity
↑ overall health and wellbeing↓ health care use
Insufficient evidence:
Fruit and vegetable consumption; Body composition (weight, BMI);
Overall physical fitness
 AHRF = useful gateway activity to stimulate uptake of
WHP interventions