Chapter 8

Question 1

The mental representation we have of our own body, including perceptions, attitudes, thoughts, emotions, and actions about it. Is strongly influenced by sociocultural factors like culture.

Answer 1

Body image

Question 2

Associated with enhanced well-being, body satisfaction, and healthy eating behaviors. Developing body appreciation and acceptance, adopting a concept of beauty, investing in self care, and learning to interpret information in a body protective manner.

Answer 2

positive body image

Question 3

What Pioneering English feminist pointed out back in 1792 that societal pressures encouraged women to submit to anything to reach the ideal of beauty, even giving up the right to think for themselves.

Answer 3

Mary Wilstonecraft

Question 4

When are eating disorders most likely to develop?

Answer 4

During adolescence

Question 5

True or False?
Men’s body talk and reasons for dissatisfaction are more shape oriented than weight oriented. Men make fewer social comparisons than women.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Men that have this condition perceive themselves as being insufficiently massive or muscular in appearance, no matter how bulked up they are.

Answer 6

Muscle dysmorphia

Question 7

Who have historically experienced greater body dissatisfaction an eating disturbances than women in other racial and ethnic groups?

Answer 7

White women

Question 8

Who appear to internalize appearance-focused messaging less and describe beauty more holistically, encompassing personality traits and not just physical attributes.

Answer 8

Black women

Question 9

Appear to have higher levels of attachment to the thin ideal than do African American or white women.

Answer 9

Asian women

Question 10

Appear similar to whites but may be affected by how much American culture they have absorbed.

Answer 10

Hispanics

Question 11

Report slightly greater body image concerns than White men.

Answer 11

Native Americans

Question 12

What can build self-esteem and brings focus on performance rather than appearance. Although ones such as dance, swimming, and gymnastics, can increase focus on appearance.

Answer 12

Sports

Question 13

True or False?
Sports participation can lead to pressure by oneself, coaches, teammates, and parents. Athletes often disregard signals from their bodies including pain, during training. Parents and coaches can directly and indirectly encourage disordered eating by commenting on appearance or performance when a young athlete has lost weight. They can also indirectly foster disordered eating by not recognizing patterns of rapid weight loss.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

True or False?
The risk for eating disorders appears to be greatest for athletes competing at elite levels such as college teams. Women who compete in nonelite sports that do not emphasize leanness have the least risk of developing eating disorders.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

It is recommended to participate in what type of physical activities in nonstress environments to support a consistent focus on what the body can do physically and may aid body satisfaction, acceptance, and self-esteem.

Answer 15

Noncompetitive (like yoga, walking, and hiking)

Question 16

Chronic illnesses that jeopardize physical and mental health and can be life threatening. Key characteristics is severe disturbances in eating behavior. Second characteristic is distorted body image. What begins as a diet takes on a life of its own, turning into self-induced starvation or repeated cycles of binging and purging. The most extreme forms are anorexia and bulimia nervosa which are classified as psychiatric disorders.

Answer 16

Eating disorders

Question 17

Impaires social functioning or causes calorie or nutritional deficiencies. When people become focused on eating only healthy “pure” foods that they severly restrict and eliminate entire categories of food from their diets.

Answer 17

orthorexia nervosa

Question 18

Include restrictive dieting, skipped meals, binge eating and purging, and laxative abuse. May occur in response to emotional stress, an upcoming athletic event, concern about personal appearance, a new diet recommendation, or any other stressors.

Answer 18

Disordered eating behaviors

Question 19

Where do eating disorders primarily occur?

Answer 19

Western industrialized countries

Question 20

True or False?
Rates of eating disorders appear to be directly related to rates of weight-loss dieting in a population.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

An eating disorder marked by distortion of body image and refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight. More likely to be obsessed with food but starving themselves at the same time. Appear ultra-thin. Can lose bone and is not reversible. Which means this person could have a higher risk of bone fractures.

Answer 21

anorexia nervosa

Question 22

An eating disorder marked by distortion of body image and repeated episodes of binge eating, usually followed by purging in the form of self-induced vomiting, misuse of diuretics or laxatives, excessive exercising, or fasting.

Answer 22

bulimia nervosa

Question 23

Most common eating disorder marked by binge eating behavior without the vomiting or purging of bulimia. Can be normal weight or overweight but if the disorder becomes unrecognized, they often become obese.

Answer 23

binge eating disorder

Question 24

What eating disorder carries the highest death rate?

Answer 24

Anorexia

Question 25

What eating disorder causes an electrolyte imbalance and increased risk of suicidal attempts?

Answer 25

Bulimia

Question 26

How to treat disordered eating and eating disorders:

Answer 26

1.) Recognize the problem… if a person denies they have a life threatening disease, it can be difficult to provide treatment.
2.) Identify the source of stress and learn coping mechanisms
3.) See a therapist or a doctor that can help provide more advice and treatment
4.) Nutritional education to provide information on healthy eating patterns and nutritional needs.
5.) Medications like antidepressants to prevent relapse.

Question 27

Reduced bone density. One of the most serious, long term effects of severe calorie restriction.

Answer 27

Osteoporosis

Question 28

A preoccupation with a defect in appearance. Can be about a imagined defect or an exaggerated concern about a slight defect. The person may spend hours in front of the mirror or avoid mirror altogether. He or she may also avoid social situations due to embarrassment or self-consciousness.

Answer 28

Body dysmorphic disorder

Question 29

Criteria for body dysmorphic disorder:

Answer 29

• Focus on a “flaw or flaws” in appearance that is not evident to others
  -An overwhelming need to keep looking at the flawed area or to mentally compare appearance to that of others
• Impaired daily functioning due to distress caused by the self-perceived flaw
• Lack of other eating disorder that would better explain the distress

Question 30

Occurs in men who believe they appear thin even though they are quite muscular. They are ashamed of their bodies and obsessed with working out with weights to develop muscular strength. It may originate from childhood experiences of being taunted and may be aggravated by media images of bulging muscles.

Answer 30

Muscle dysmorphia

Question 31

Muscle dysmorphia may be associated with what mental disorder?

Answer 31

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Question 32

What activity do people with body dysmorphic disorder turn to to correct supposed flaws in their appearance?

Answer 32

Cosmetic surgery

Question 33

Chosen by people as a way to express themselves, recognize important life transitions, celebrate loved ones, and present a certain image. Many cultures have also used this.

Answer 33

Body Art

Question 34

A condition in which an athlete’s energy or dietary intake is not enough to support the level of exercise being performed. The imbalance leads to health problems.

Answer 34

Relative Energy
deficiency in sport (RED-S)

Question 35

Female athlete triad is a set of 3 interrelated disorders:

Answer 35

1.) disordered eating
2.) amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation)
3.) premature osteoporosis

Question 36

Often motivated by a need to fit a specific body type for athletes.

Answer 36

Female athlete triad

Question 37

Signs of energy imbalance disorders:

Answer 37

-decrease in performance
-muscle injury
- fatigue
decreased focus
- decreased heart rate response to exercise
-muscle degeneration

Question 38

Treatment for energy imbalance disorders:

Answer 38

• education and food access
• increase caloric intake
  -decrease activity level until balance has been reached

Question 39

A condition in which people control or alter their bodies by overly exerting their bodies through exercise or are addicted to exercise.

Answer 39

Activity disorder