Chapter 13 Flashcards
A group of medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine.
Complementary and Alternative (or Integrative) Medicine (CAM)
Ideas and practices of CAM include:
- mind-body connection
- spirituality in wellness
- importance of relationships
- social support
- massage
-yoga - acupuncture
-prayer
-megavitmamin therapy
Refers to the health care system of the US, Canada, much of Europe, and other parts of the developed world.
Conventional Medicine
According to conventional medicine, this is the result of pathogens like bacteria and viruses or organic changes in the body. Health is returned by treating this with drugs, vaccines, or surgery. Public Health measurers also help prevent this.
Illness
The idea that something that is complex such as the body can be broken down into smaller parts to understand it and make it whole once again.
Reductionist thinking
Means by which causes of disease and treatment are determined.
Scientific Method
Complementary medicine is used to complement conventional medicine like using what to reduce pain after surgery?
Acupuncture
Used as an alternative to conventional medicine. Example: Using a special diet instead of chemo to treat cancer. Any form of medicine that doesn’t fall under the category of conventional medicine.
Alternative medicine
Uses both conventional medicine and CAM practices.
Integrative medicine
Different CAM practices are divided into 4 domains:
- mind-body practices
-biological based practices - manipulative and body based practices
- energy therapies
CAM practices are used more by the following:
- women
- those with higher education
- higher income people
- those who have been hospitalized
- smokers
- Asians
A comprehensive group of practices based on a common philosophy.
whole medical system
What is the most common form of CAM?
mind-body medicine
Hospitals are incorporating CAM practices for outpatients including:
- massage
- t-ai chi
- yoga
- Qigong
-relaxation techniques
Insurance coverage is increasing with what forms of CAM care:
- chiropractic
- acupuncture
- massage
Has been around for almost 3,000 years. It focuses on restoring physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
Based on TCM, good health comes from the free flow of vital energy or life force known as this. Illness occurs when flow of qi is blocked because of imbalance of yin and yang.
qi (chi)
represents the inactive, internal cold, and dark.
Yin
represents the active, external, hot, and bright.
Yang
The diagnosis of TCM involves looking for what?
imbalance
Treatment involving TCM include:
- herbal medications
- acupuncture
- dietary modification
Preventing illness involves:
- balanced diet
- getting regular sleep
- avoiding stress
- exercise
Believed to strengthen the blood, body, or organs that are imbalanced or weak.
Herbal remedies
involves the use of long, thin needles inserted at certain points in the skin to stimulate the flow of qi.
Acupuncture
Pressure applied with fingers or hands at the same points.
acupressure
Heat applied at pressure points by burning herbs, known as moxa is called this.
moxibustion
What is acupuncture supposed to help with?
- alleviate acute and chronic pain
- nausea from pregnancy
- cancer treatments
- substance withdrawal
Has been practiced in India for 5,000 years. There is a focus on the balance among the body, mind, and spirit. Practitioners work by helping you align your individual lifestyle with you particular constitution and health history.
Ayurvedic Medicine
There is the law of similar or “like cures like”. A substance that causes disease in a healthy person can cure the same symptoms in a sick person. For example, cinchona (plant bark) causes fever in a healthy person and is diluted and used to help a person recover from a fever faster. The second principle is minimal dose which means to use the smallest possible dose to have greater effects so that the body can heal itself. The third principle is prescribing for the individual because each individual is unique.
Homeopathy
Principles of homeopathy:
- law of similar
- minimal dose
- prescribing for the individual
What principle makes it difficult to study the effectiveness of homeopathy because everyone is given a different treatment plan?
prescribing for the individual
What is the risk in using homeopathy?
- delayed diagnosis
- use of another effective treatment
Believed that the body has the ability to heal itself, and its goal is to stimulate the body to do so, particularly through nutrition. The idea is to cleanse and strengthen the body rather than treat the symptoms of a specific illness. Treatments include dietary modification, supplements, herbal remedies, hydrotherapy, massage, homeopathy, acupuncture, biofeedback, stress reduction, and lifestyle counseling.
naturopathy
True or False?
There are now several colleges of naturopathy in the US. Naturopaths complete a four year training program and take a licensing exam.
True
Practice their own systems of medicine. The major common thread is the relationship between humans with one another, the natural environment, and the spiritual world. Physical well-being is associated with SPIRITUAL balance and illness with IMBALANCE.
Native American tribes
Illness can have internal and external cues. What can be internal causes of illness due to Native American tribal beliefs?
- negative thoughts about self or others
- breaking of taboos ( taboo is a religious custom that prohibits you from talking about a particular practice or to certain groups of people)
What can be external causes of illness due Native American tribal beliefs?
- poisons
- traumas
- ghosts
- witchcraft
- negative thoughts sent from another person
What are the diagnosis and treatment presented from Native American tribes?
- vision quests
- dream interpretation
- purification ceremonies
- sweat lodges
- prayer
- healing touch
- herbal teas
- charms
- healing rituals
The first domain of CAM. Based on the premise that the mind influences the body. This practice is inexpensive and easy to learn. Can be integrated into regular self-care.
mind-body practices
What are some mind-body practices:
- hypnosis
- visualization
- yoga
- meditation
- biofeedback
-T’ai Chi
The use of intentional relaxation and focusing exercises to produce an altered state of consciousness in which a person is more responsive to suggestion or more in control of pain. Can help change behaviors like smoking.
Hypnosis or Hypnotherapy
Who’s the most susceptible to hypnosis?
children
Can include visualization and relaxation techniques and can be used to reduce pain and acute and chronic health conditions.
Self- hypnosis
Has developed from a martial art to a system of slow, fluid movements through a series of mediative poses. May improve physical functioning for older adults, improve circulation, reduce anxiety and depression, and increase bone density in women after menopause. In the US, it is primarily used for exercise, body awareness, stress reduction, relaxation, and improved aerobic exercise.
T’ai Chi
Include the use of vitamins, minerals, supplements, herbal remedies, functional foods, and dietary regimens.
Biologically based practices
Involve limiting or excluding certain foods, such as processed foods, refined sugars, or wheat products, for a set period of time.
Therapeutic diets
Usually used to complement to another therapy. Practitioners often prescribe megavitamins or doses that exceed recommended daily allowances. For example, megadoses of vitamin C are sometimes recommended to ward off a cold. Studies have shown that though it does not prevent a cold, megadoses may reduce the length and severity of a cold if taken at the time of onset of symptoms. Overdose of some vitamins can be a risk.
Dietary regimens
Often recommended for colds. No studies have shown it to be effective, but some have shown that it can lead to personal loss of smell.
Zinc
Believed to have anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects and may actually slow the deterioration of the brain in people with Alzheimer’s and ease leg pain associated with peripheral vascular disease.
Ginkgo biloba
Help with mild depression. Interacts with prescription drugs.
St. John’s wort
Helps with anxiety. Interacts with prescription drugs.
kava kava
Examples of dietary regimens:
- kava kava
- St. John’s wort
- Ginkgo biloba
- Zinc
Ginseng, garlic supplements, peppermint, ginger, and soy supplements are all examples of what? These are natural but does not mean they are safe.
herbs
What are problems associated with herbs?
- not regulated as pharmaceutical drugs
- appropriate dosage is not known
Focuses on the bones, joints, muscles, soft tissues, and circulatory system.
Manipulative and body-based practices
What has been integrated into mainstream medicine that is usually considered part of conventional medicine rather than a form of CAM?
Osteopathy
Treats medical disorders through manual therapy and massaging joints, bones, and muscles. Achieved through manipulation of the musculoskeletal system without the use of drugs.
Osteopathy
Developed by an American physician based on the belief that most illnesses are the result of misalignment, displacement, or dislocation of vertebrae in the spinal column. This misalignment disrupts the flow of energy signals from the brain to the rest of the body causing illness. Relocating the misaligned joints restores the balance of energy and health.
Chiropractic medicine
Involves application of pressure to skin and muscles. It increases blood flow, induces relaxation, relieves pressure, relieves pain, relieves restricted movement, improves posture and movement, and improves body awareness. It promotes healing by boosting the immune system and stimulating the release of natural painkillers. It has been shown to reduce anxiety, depression, and pain and improve immune function.
Massage therapy
Most controversial practices. The idea is that humans are infused with energy and that this energy can be modified to influence health. Some forms of energy can be measured, and their use in treating illness is well incorporated into conventional medicine. Light and electromagnetic therapy are the only ones that can be measured while others cannot be measured and their treatment is considered more complementary or alternative.
Energy therapies
Used to treat seasonal affective disorder, a form of depression associated with low exposure to sunlight, and psoriasis.
Light therapy
Used to treat nonhealing bone fractures. Magnets produce a measurable energy called a magnetic field. They have long been used to treat chronic pain like arthritis.
Electromagnetic therapy
A Chinese energy therapy that combines physical movement and breathing to enhance flow of qi and boost immune functioning. The exercises can be movement oriented with slow, dancelike movements to promote energy balance and maintain suppleness or oriented toward meditation and internal energy flow with minimal external movement. Providers for this are rare in US and Canada.
Qigong
Based on the idea that illness results from a disturbance in the flow of a person’s life energy. It involves the passing of hands over the patient’s body to detect imbalances or redirect energy. Can be effective in wound healing, osteoarthritis, migraines, and anxiety.
Therapeutic touch
A Japanese energy therapy in which there are different hand positions over the patient’s body and they are used to challenge and direct healing energy. There are few studies that show it provides any benefit. It is being studied as a treatment for fibromyalgia, heart disease, and cancer and in patients with AIDS.
Reiki
How people choose a health care option:
- From family members
- social media
- advertisements (think of drug commercials)
- environmental factors
- financial factors
- health insurance
- knowledge of health
- medical conditions you, family, or friends developed
What can advertisements be good for?
- educate the public
- persuade treatment
What can advertisement be bad for?
- lead people to feel inadequate about health conditions
- make them think they need an advertised product
