Chapter 1 Flashcards
A lack of symptoms of disease
Health (Traditional)
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
Health
Biological health
Physical health
Emotional and intellectual health and how an individual views their own well-being
Mental health
Ability to interact with social environment
Social health
idea that people’s values and beliefs impact health
Spiritual health
Adapted habits that lead to improved health
Wellness
A model focused on interactions between genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors
Ecological View of Health
Who discovered the shape and structure of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
James Watson and Francis Crick
The complete set of an organism’s DNA is what?
genome
What is the bodies instruction book?
DNA
How many genes are found in humans? It is the same number found in what animal?
20,000-25,000, mouse
DNA is divided into how many pairs of chromosomes?
23
A change that occurs in a gene. The change can cause different “meanings” or instructions to be sent to cells. Passed from generation to generation and they allow for human diversity.
Mutation
True of False? Mutation can be harmful or beneficial. Example: beneficial=eye color harmful=sickle cell
True
This can cause a person to possibly develop a disease or behavior. Personality, sexual orientation and addiction can play a role by this.
Genetics
A practice of selective breeding in an attempt to improve the human species. Overrides reproduction by use of technology to allow parents to choose traits and make tweaks in the development of a fetus.
Eugenics
Defines change as a process rather than a onetime event. Takes thinking, feelings, behaviors, relationships, and other factors into account instead of looking at knowledge as a reliable source in helping understand how people make decisions on health.
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
No motivation. Not knowing or recognizing that there is a problem.
Example: You haven’t been exercising, and even though you know it is good for you, you feel pretty healthy, so you’re not worried about it. This stage has been referred to as the “thinking about thinking about it” phase.
Precontemplation
You recognize that you have a problem and begin to think about changing behaviors. You start to understand the problem and search for solutions. Weight the pros and cons.
Example: You go to the doctor and find out your BMI shows you gained weight and your cholesterol has increased. Now you know there is a problem, and you start researching how to start a healthy exercise plan.
Contemplation
Planning to change. The pros trump the cons an you set goals and a start date.
Example: You decide you are going to join the YMCA and work with a personal trainer there to get into better shape.
Preparation
You implement the behavioral change. You commit time and energy to make your goals work. Avoid environments that trigger unhealthy behavior and allow support of loved ones.
Example: You have joined the gym and going 3 times a week.
Action
Continuing the new behavior for 6+ months. Working to prevent relapse. Reaching the goal you have set.
Example: You’ve been going to the gym 3 times a week for 6 months and lost the weight you needed to and gotten your cholesterol within normal limits.
Maintenance
The new behavioral change becomes a routine and a habit. You no longer have to think about it.
Termination
Back to square one. Lead a person back to contemplation or even precontemplation.
Example: You got sick and missed going to the gym for a week, and then next week, you were really busy, and by the third week you don’t even want to go back.
Relapse
Study and practice of health promotion and disease prevention at the population level. Addresses problems in health among the population and improves the health of the population equally. It is both a branch of medicine and a focus of government action. Requires a more broad organizational power.
Example: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) help control and handle pandemics, natural disasters, acquire clean food and water for people to reduce the risk in fatal diseases and improve overall health.
Public health
Activities like health promotion programs that can be implemented through home, school, and work help maintain the health of the public locally. Focuses on contributors to a populations physical and mental health instead of focusing on hospitals and clinics.
Community health
Framework that recognizes the interrelationship between individuals and their environment; emphasizes that where we live, work, and play strongly influences our health.
Socioecological model of health
Societal conditions that affect health and can potentially be altered by social and health policies and programs.
Social determinants of health
A sense of how you think and feel your life is going. Maximize your physical and emotional functioning to live a full and satisfying life.
well-being
When all people have the equal opportunity to attain their full health potential
Health equity
When social groups of populations are separated from opportunity due to health barriers
Health disparities
People who Identify themselves through ancestry, cultural origins, language, and religion
Ethnicity
physical characteristics such as skin color or facial features
Race
It has the most significant impact on health outcomes, with worse health status being strongly associated with poverty.
Socioeconomic Status
Actions designed to maintain a current health state or encourage a more desirable one
Example: Campaign advertised to promote physical activity
Health promotion
An effort among federal, state, and territorial governments and community partners to set health objectives for the US
Healthy People Initiative
Example:
Do you believe you are at risk of a problem?
Example: Imagine you are a smoker in a family where people are prone to heart disease. Your uncle and grandfather died from heart disease at relatively young ages. You KNOW that your smoking habit increases your risk for this disease.
Perceived susceptibility
Do you perceive the problem as serious if it were to occur?
Example: You know your family is prone to heart disease and your a smoker. But now you realize that your continuing habit of smoking could lead to an early death.
Perceived seriousness of consequences
If you change behavior, do you believe it will reduce the threat?
Example:
If you quit smoking, you reduce your risk of heart disease within a few years and you don’t have to go outside to smoke because smoking is bane in the residence hall.
Perceived benefits of specific action
What factors will get in the way of you making a change, such as environment, time, money and beliefs?
Example: Most of your friends smoke, and it would be hard to hang out with them and resist a cigarette when your trying to quit.
Perceived barriers to taking aciton
One way to organize your decision making process. This was developed to help understand peoples behavior changes and why people make the health choices they do.
Health Belief Model
What is Transtheoretical Model as called?
Change Model
Who developed the stages of the Change Model?
James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente
Your more likely to prepare for change if you BELIEVE IN YOURSELF and the fact that you can change. This term is associated with TTM or the Change Model.
Self-efficacy
The ability to read, understand, and evaluate health information. Ability to understand medical instructions, directions, and to navigate the health care system.
Health literacy
Exposure to a hazard can result in negative consequences and to be aware of that possibility, you need the ability to identify this..
Example:
if you have a family history of breast cancer and you learn that 13 percent of women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, you may feel alarmed and anxious about your risk based on that information. If you don’t have a family history of breast cancer and learn the same information, you may feel relieved and reassured about your risk. Recognizing the part played by your emotions can help you assess your risk in more balanced ways
Health risk
This type of research typically conducts work on a cellular level or in animals. It contributes to a baseline of scientific knowledge.
Basic medical research
Scientists use interviews, surveys, and measurements to study large groups of people. The purpose it to identify and explore the relationships between potential risk factors and disease.
Epidemiological studies
Scientists study people who have received a particular treatment, screening, diagnostics test, or other intervention. The purpose is to identify whether a drug, a product, a behavior, or some other kind of intervention produces a particular effect.
Clinical studies
The gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a cell composed of tightly wound molecules of DNA.
Chromosome
The process by which an unspecialized cell divides and gives rise to a specialized cell.
Differentiation
An undifferentiated cell that is capable of giving rise to different types of specialized cells.
Stem cell
This impacts the appearance. It’s also alternative forms of a gene. An individual inherits one from each parent. One of these dominates the recessive gene. Unless there are two recessive then the individual acquires the recessive gene.
allele
Can acquire this from both environment and genes. Examples are heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and schizophrenia.
Multifactorial disorders
Area of study where researchers are identifying how health risks such as stress and poor nutrition can be passed from generation to generation independent of DNA sequence changes. Discovered that the environment can modify the structure of DNA. How genetics can be modified outside genetics and through environmental factors.
Epigenetics
Small methyl particles attach to the DNA like glue. It changes the way DNA is used within cells. Which is why the environment has been able to modify the structure of DNA.
Methylation
Also called a genogram or genetic pedigree, is a visual representation of you family’s genetic history. Can help see family patterns of health and illness and pinpoint any areas of special concern or risk to you.
Family Health Tree
