Chapter 12 Flashcards
About 45% of all pregnancies in the US are unintended, and many are unwanted but for what reasons?
- couple doesn’t want the child at that time
- couple doesn’t want the child at all
Unintended pregnancy rates are higher among low-income, minority women in what age group?
15-24
Why do we see many unintended pregnancies in low-income minority women?
- stress and life disruption
- associated with poorer health outcomes
Women with unintended pregnancies are less likely to receive what?
adequate prenatal care
Women with unintended pregnancies are more likely to do and have what?
- drink and smoke
- babies with low birth weight (less than 5.5 pounds)
True or False?
Sexual minority women (lesbian, bisexual, or heterosexual with same-sex attraction) have an increased risk of unintentional pregnancy than do heterosexual women and are more likely to use less or no contraception.
True
Regular medical care during pregnancy, designed to promote the health of the mother and the fetus.
prenatal care
What is the only guaranteed way to prevent pregnancy and STD’s?
Abstinence
What are the benefits of abstinence?
- it’s free and available to all
- can be started at any time
What are the drawbacks from abstinence?
requires control and commitment
Come in pills, injections, patches, and vaginal rings to prevent ovulation. They can alter cervical mucus, making it harder for sperm to reach ova and affect uterine lining, so a fertilized egg is less likely to be implanted.
Hormonal contraceptives
Advantages of hormonal contraceptives:
- ease of use
- limited side effects
- do not permanently affect fertility
do not require action at the time of intercourse - reduce menstrual cramps
- reduce blood loss
- reduce premenstrual symptoms
- reduce ovarian cysts
- reduce endometriosis
- reduce risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer
- improve acne
Disadvantages of hormonal contraceptives:
- no protection against STD’s
- cause minor side effects and symptoms similar to early pregnancy
- cause mood swings and headaches
Recommended as the first option for all sexually active women. Don’t have to do anything else for years. Can be removed with a rapid return to fertility at any time.
long acting reversible contraceptives (LARC’s)
What are the most effective nonpermanent contraceptive options, also known as LARC options?
IUD and an implant
A small T-shaped device that, when inserted in the uterus, prevents conception. Alters the intrauterine and cervical fluids to reduce the chance that sperm will move up the Fallopian tubes, where they can fertilize the ovum. Requires little maintenance. Since it can move or fall out of the uterus, a woman using it should learn how to check it to make sure the device is located properly each month.
intrauterine device (IUD)
A small flexible plastic rod that contains progesterone and is inserted under the skin releasing hormone and provides effective contraception for 3 years. This prevents ovulation, alters cervical mucus, and thins uterus lining. Cause irregular menstruation and many women can stop having periods.
contraceptive implant
The most popular hormone contraceptives, combining estrogen and progesterone. Some contain only progesterone making them slightly less effective but can be used for women who can’t take estrogen like women who are breast feeding or have family history of blood clots.
Birth control
Slowly releases estrogen and progesterone into the bloodstream through the skin. It is changed each week and makes it good for women who cannot remember to take the daily birth control pill. Results in higher levels of estrogen in the blood so it creates twice the risk of blood clots than the pill.
transdermal patch
If a woman is not taking hormonal contraceptives but misses a period, it can signify a hormone imbalance that may be due to what?
- weight gain or loss
- stress
- health conditions
- overdoing exercise
- pregnancy
A soft, flexible plastic ring placed in the vagina and slowly releases estrogen and progesterone. It is left in place for 21 days and then remove for 7 days before inserting a new one. Rarely felt during intercourse.
vaginal contraceptive ring
Advantages of the vaginal contraceptive ring:
- once a month application
The only injectable contraceptive approved in the US. Only contains progesterone and is administered every 3 months. Highly effective and requires little action.
Depro-Provera
Disadvantages of Depro-Provera:
- cause menstrual changes
- irregular bleeding
- weight gain
-decreased bone density