Chapter 10 Flashcards
Alter state of consciousness, to relax and feel more sociable, to experience euphoria, and to get high. Some people take this to rebel or fit in. Use to cope with stress, pain, or adversity.
Drugs
What age do Americans say they have started use of illicit drugs?
12 and older
What is the most commonly and widely used illicit drug in the US?
Marijuana
Who is using prescription medication the most? Where do they get them?
Young teens (12-13), from friends or relatives for free
The highest drug use is among who?
young adults aged 18-20
True or False?
Males have twice the rates of marijuana use but have relatively equivalent rates to women of stimulant use like Ecstasy, sedatives, Oxycontin, LSD, and PCP.
True
True or False?
Drug use is lower among college graduates, but college grads are more likely to have tried drugs than those who had not completed high school.
True
A substance other than food that affects the structure or the function of the body through its chemical action.
A Drug
Used for medical and nonmedical purposes. Substances that cause changes in the brain chemistry and alter consciousness, perception, mood, and thought known as intoxication. Examples include alcohol, caffeine, aspirin, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, sedatives, and inhalants.
Psychoactive drugs
CNS stimulant with effects similar to those of amphetamine, is prescribed to treat hyperactivity in children - a medical use.
Ritalin
CNS stimulant that can be used to cause a burst of pleasurable sensation and to increase energy and endurance - nonmedical use. Heightens alertness, inhibits appetite and need for sleep, and provides intense feeling of pleasure. Can cause death by speeding heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and accelerating other body functions to the point that systems are overwhelmed and collapse.
Cocaine
When a medical drug is used for nonmedical (recreational) purposes, or when a drug has no medical uses, it is referred to as this.
drug of abuse
Drugs that slow down activity in the brain and sympathetic nervous system. Alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, heroin, morphine, and opium, can cause death if used in insufficient amounts to suppress vital functions such as respiration.
Central nervous system (CNS) depressants
Refer to a drug of abuse, a medication, or a toxin.
substance
Medications prescribed by physicians, OTC medications, and herbal remedies.
Legal drugs
Drugs developed for medical purposes, whether over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription. Can only b prescribed by a licensed medical doctor and must undergo testing to receive FDA approval.
Pharmaceutical drugs
What over-the-counter products are not tested by the FDA before they are put on the market unless they are harmful?
herbal remedies
This herbal remedy was removed by FDA. It was a dietary supplement which was used for weight loss and body building. Was linked to more than 100 deaths from heart attack and stroke.
Ephedra
Viewed as harmful, and it is illegal to possess, manufacture, sell or use them. When it’s sold outside of the regulated medical system.
Illicit drugs
Refers to the use of prescription drugs for other purposes or in greater amounts than as prescribed. Also refer to the use of nonprescription drugs such as Tylenol, or chemicals such as glues, paints, or solvents, for nay purpose other than intended by the manufacturer.
drug misuse
The use of a substance in an amount, situation, or manner that causes problems, or greatly increases the risk of problems, for the user or for others.
drug abuse
A maladaptive pattern of use leading to impairment or distress that continues despite serious negative consequences, such as losing a job or getting in fights.
substance abuse
Most common and most complicated way for drugs to make its way into the bloodstream.
Orally
Allows for rapid entry into the bloodstream
Injection and Inhalation
Allows for rapid absorption because these are moist and have a rich blood supply like when a person is snorting cocaine or chewing tobacco.
mucous membranes
What influences the effect a drug has on a person?
- Age
- Gender
- Weight
- Body mass
- physical condition
- mood, experience, and expectations
- environment and who you’re with
Strong cravings for a drug and by compulsive use of the drug despite serious negative consequences. Two main characteristics is tolerance and withdrawal.
Drug dependence
The reduces sensitivity to the effects of the drug
Tolerance
Experience of uncomfortable feelings when the drug is stopped.
Withdrawal
Pathway in the brain and involves 3 structures that’s associated with drug dependence. Is responsible for feelings of satisfaction and pleasure when a physical, emotional, or survival need is met. For example: Its activated when hunger, thirst, bonding, or sexual desire are satisfied. When it is activated the behavior is reinforced. Addictive psychoactive drugs activate the same pathway and reinforces the behavior. So, using the drug begins to take on as much importance as normal survival behaviors like eating.
pleasure reward circuit
What are the three structures involved in the pleasure reward circuit?
-prefrontal cortex
- ventral tegmental area
- nucleus accumbens
True or False?
Drug use causes surges of dopamine which leads to less dopamine being produced in the brain overall. The person is unable to experience any pleasure even from the drug because of the disrupted dopamine system. Parts of the brain involving rational thought and judgment are also disrupted. Some drugs like morphine, codeine, and heroin (all opioids) have similar structure to endorphins.
True
Natural opiates that block pain when the body undergoes stress like extreme exercise or birth.
endorphins
Natural and synthetic derivatives of opium. A product harvested from a gummy substance in the seed pod of opium poppy. Originated in the Middle East and has long history of meical use for pain relief and treatment of diarrhea and dehydration. Bind to endorphin structures reducing pain and increasing pleasure.
Opioids
Speed up activity in the brain and sympathetic nervous system. With use, the heart rate accelerates, breathing deepens, muscle tension increases, senses heighten, and attention and alertness increase. People keep going even when they should be fatigued. May also cause fidgeting and talking along with feelings of euphoria and create a sense of energy and well being.
CNS stimulants
What was first introduced as a remedy for a number of ailments and used as an anesthetic and is still used as an anesthetic today?
Cocaine
Once used for asthma, allergies and stuffy noses by opening the bronchial passages. People using amphetamine inhalers found they could not only breathe better but also felt better. Additional uses included helping narcoleptics stay awake, helping people lose weight, and treating depression. It was given to soldiers in World War II to stay alert. It is still used to treat ADHD because they actually help people with ADHD gain control of their behavior.
Amphetamines
Has rapidly increased with the ease and inexpensive of manufacturing it with readily available components. It is the reason that over-the-counter products like pseudoephedrine are now being sold behind the counter with regulations.
Meth
Some law enforcement consider what to be the number one drug problem in the US?
Meth
Also known as Ecstasy. Elevated levels of serotonin creating feelings of euphoria, increased energy, and a heightened sense of empathy and closeness to those around. Can cause increased hear rate, elevated body temp, profuse sweating, dry mouth, muscle tension, blurred vision, and involuntary teeth clenching. It can lead to psychological problems like depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. It can also cause dehydration, hypertension, kidney failure, and memory problems.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Powder or crystal form of MDMA and is especially popular at music festivals. Short for molecule. Is a Schedule I controlled substance.
Molly
Recent development on the drug scene. . They produce effects in the brain similar to amphetamines. This is the drug you may have heard of that the teenager was on when he ate a homeless guy’s face off. It has very significant brain effects including suicidal thoughts and actions. It is marketed under names like Vanilla Sky, Cloud Nine, Red Dove, and Ivory Wave. It was being sold legally in some stores and avoided FDA regulation because it was being sold as non-edible.
Bath Salts
What is the most popular psychoactive drug?
Caffeine
Phenomenon that occurs when a person stops using a drug and experiences symptoms that are worse than those experienced before taking the drug.
rebound effect
Increases alertness. At higher level it causes restlessness, excitement, nervousness, frequent urination, and gastrointestinal problems. At very high levels (8-10 cups) can make a person become intoxicated and have muscle twitching, irregular heartbeat, sweating, rambling thoughts or speech or excessive movement like pacing. Withdrawal symptoms include headache, irritability, and fatigue.
Caffeine
A CNS depressant. Powerful sedatives producing feelings of relaxation followed by drowsiness and sleep. They create impairments of judgment, decision making, and problem solving as well as slow, slurred speech and lack of coordination. Dependence is common in those using it as a sleep aid. Withdrawal symptoms include insomnia, anxiety, tremors, and nausea lasting for weeks. It is important to gradually taper off barbiturates.
Barbiturates
A CNS depressant. prescribed for insomnia and other sleep disorders. They are used by people who work nights or travel a lot to fall asleep quickly at odd hours. They are also used to control epilepsy and calm people for surgery or dental procedures.
Hypnotics
CNS depressant. Known as the date rape drug. A powerful sedative with depressive effects causing confusion, loss of memory, and sometimes loss of consciousness. It is especially dangerous when mixed with alcohol. The drug’s manufacturer has changed the formulation, so it will not remain colorless when dissolved in a drink.
Rohypnol
Another date rape drug that produces feelings of pleasure and sedation. It can cause amnesia, nausea, hallucinations, respiratory distress, slowed heart rate, loss of consciousness, and coma. It is produced in a clear, tasteless, odorless, liquid or in an easily dissolvable powder. It takes 15-30 minutes to take effect and lasts 3-6 hours.
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate GHB
GHB, Rohypnol, and Ecstasy are all called what because of widespread use at clubs and parties? Where are they produced?
club drugs, in basement labs
A powerful pain reliever. It was used a lot in the Civil War leading to soldiers becoming addicted known as the “soldier’s disease”. It is prescribed very conservatively today.
Morphine
Is three times more potent than morphine. It was developed as a nonaddictive substitute for codeine. This led to soldiers coming home from Vietnam coming home addicted to this which has been shown to have no medical use. Is associated with unemployment, divorce, and drug-related crimes. Users are at-risk for hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV from contaminated needles. There is a high rate of death primarily from overdoses, AIDS, accidents, injuries, and violent incidents.
Heroin
Some of the most widely prescribed drugs in the US. Made from oxycodone hydrochloride. Brand names include Oxycontin, Vicodin, Demerol, Percocet, and Percodan. Medical personnel are susceptible to misuse due to access.
Synthetic Opioids
Extremally more potent than morphine and can cause breathing to stop.
Fentanyl
Alter perceptions and thinking, producing intense distortions of visual and auditory perceptions and hallucinations.
Hallucinogens
Peaked in the 1960’s and then declined with reports of flashbacks, bad trips, self-injury, and other psychotic disorders. Produces visual distortions and fantastic imagery. LSD is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. An amount as small as a grain of salt can produce mild effects. It takes hours or days to recover. Tolerance develops quickly. Repeated daily doses become ineffective in 3-4 days. There are no physiological withdrawal symptoms.
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Seen in LSD. “mixing of senses” in which sound may appear as visual images or a visual image changes in rhythmic music.
synesthesia
Used in the 1950’s as an anesthetic that produced side effects like agitation, delusions, and irrational behavior. Since the 1960’s, it has been manufactured illegally and sold on the street as “angel dust”. Causes euphoria, dizziness, nausea, slurred speech, distorted thinking, rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, slowed reaction time, amnesia, seizures, and coma. It sometimes causes aggressive behavior.
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Originally developed as a veterinary aesthetic. Can affect learning, memory, and consciousness. It causes damage to the liver and kidneys and can lead to death. Was recently approved by FDA to treat depression.
Ketamine (special K)
Breathable chemical vapors that alter consciousness, producing a state of intoxication like drunkenness. Examples include paint thinners, gasoline, glue, and spray can propellant. Vapors reach lungs and enter the bloodstream very quickly. In low doses, it can cause light-headedness, dizziness, blurred vision, slurred speech, lack of coordination, and euphoria. At higher doses, it causes lethargy and muscle weakness. Overdose can cause loss of consciousness, coma, and death. They can cause long-lasting brain damage.
Inhalants
Who mostly uses inhalants?
Teenagers or preteen boys
It is derived from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa, so it is called a cannabinoid. Produces mild euphoria, sedation, lethargy, short-term memory impairment, distorted sensory perceptions, distorted sense of time, impaired motor coordination, and increased heart rate. The effects begin within a few minutes and last 3-4 hours. Can cause anxiety or negative mood.
Marijuana
At higher doses, Marijuana can cause hallucinogenic effects accompanied by what other symptoms?
acute anxiety and paranoid thinking
What contains more carcinogens than tobacco and is highly irritating to the lining of the bronchioles and lungs? What condition could this result in?
Marijuana, Bronchitis
What effects do babies have from marijuana?
- born smaller
- behavioral issues and cognitive deficits
- memory, attention, and decision making troubles
What can marijuana treat?
- Glaucoma
- pain of cancer and chemo
- weight loss associated with AIDS
These are synthetic variants of the male sex hormone testosterone and are either taken orally or injected. Their use by men can result in the shrinkage of testicles, reduced sperm count, and the development of breasts. Side effects for female users include the growth of facial hair, changes in the menstrual cycle, and a deepened voice.
Anabolic steroids
