Chapter 13- Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What’s responsible for reducing the death rate from infectious diseases of children?
A
- vaccinations
- antibiotics
- public health measures
2
Q
Before 1900, what was the leading cause of death in the US?
A
Infectious diseases
3
Q
What made the most impactive changes in managing infectious diseases?
A
- improved sanitation
- proper hygiene
- clean water supplies
4
Q
By the end of the 20th century, the death rate from infectious diseases went down by how much? However infectious diseases are beginning to rise again.
A
2%
5
Q
Why are death rates on the rise again?
A
-AIDS
- diseases reemerging from past
- New diseases (COVID-19)
- drug resistance
6
Q
Do what all living organisms do which is eat, reproduce, and die. Tiniest living organism on earth.
A
microorganisms
7
Q
When part of a microorganisms life cycle involves you. Considered an illness or disease if it interferes with your lifestyle or shortens your life. Cause sudden illness and high risk of death. Can stimulate your body immune response, causing the microorganisms to die. Can persist without signs of illness for years and yet still be passed to other people like HIV. Sometimes this can fought off by the immune system as with tuberculosis that hides as long as the immune system is healthy.
A
Infections
8
Q
An infectious agent capable of causing disease. Require a living host and must have a portal of exit from host to cause infection like in respiratory secretions (coughing, sneezing) or through feces, genital secretions, blood on blood contact with skin or products, and through an insect or animal bite. When made contact with someone else, it causes a portable of entry into this new host.
A
pathogen
9
Q
Process by which an infectious agent, or pathogen, passes from one organism to another.
A
Chain of infection
10
Q
If the transfer from host to host or reservoir to host is carried out by an insect or animal, that organism is called this. In similar terms, if an insect or animal is involved it is called this.
A
vector
11
Q
Extent or spread of an infection depends on the following:
A
- virulence of the pathogen
- mode of transmission
- duration of infectivity
- ease of transmission
- number of people in contact with infectious person
12
Q
Speed and intensity with which a pathogen is likely to cause an infection.
A
virulence
13
Q
How an infection spreads from person to person
A
mode of transmission
14
Q
how easy it is for infection to spread throughout host
A
ease of transmission
15
Q
length of time during which a person with an infection can spread it to other people
A
duration of infectivity
16
Q
how many people the infected person makes contact with
A
number of people an infected person has contact with while infectious
17
Q
If the infection is transmitted to many people this occurs. A widespread outbreak of a disease that affects many people.
A
epidemic
18
Q
When an illness spreads globally
A
pandemic
19
Q
Some of the smallest pathogens and are among the most numerous. It is estimated that there are more different types of this than of all other creatures combined. Unable to reproduce on their own. Once inside, the virus can make copies of itself, burst the cell, and release copies to infect more cells. Can only replicate inside other organism’s cells.
A
Viruses
20
Q
Viruses can integrate themselves into a cell’s DNA and alter the growth pattern of the cells. This process can lead to the development of what?
A
Tumor or cancer
21
Q
Single-celled organisms of which can be found in almost all environments. They are classified based on shape (spherical, rodlike, spiral), the presence or absence of a cell wall, and growth requirements. Speed of replication varies from 20 minutes to 2 weeks. Many inhabit a person harmlessly or helpfully and are considered part of the person’s normal flora. Normal in one body location and pathogens in another. For example, E coli aids digestion in the large intestine, but in the bladder, it causes bladder infections or urinary tract infections.
A
Bacteria
22
Q
What is an important part of the human microbiome and plays a vital role in food processing, vitamin production, and colonizing of areas to reduce risk of harmful pathogens causing disease. Also, however, can cause disease in another location?
A
Bacteria
23
Q
The least understood pathogens. Responsible for mad cow disease. Found in brain tissue and initiate the degeneration of brain function. Spread by the ingestion of infected brain or nerve tissue.
A
Prions
24
Q
A single-celled or multi-celled plant. Include yeast and molds and can be found in and on human hosts as pat of a healthy microbiome. Yeast and mold can cause infections to humans. Tend to cause serious infections when the host immune system is not working well. Many infections result from exposure to spores in the environment as in the sole or on tile floors except for ringworm in children.
A
Fungi
25
Group of fungi that infect the skin, hair, or nails causing athlete's foot and nail fungus. Sometimes called ringworm or tinea infections.
Dermatophytes
26
Organisms that live on or in a host and get food at the expense of the host.
Parasites
27
Also known as parasitic worms. Include roundworms, flukes, and tapeworms. Range from one centimeter to ten meters. People get infected by accidentally ingesting worm eggs in food or water or by having skin invaded worm larvae. These are huge disease burdens. For example, a hookworm attaches to human intestine and causes blood loss and is the leading cause of anemia and malnutrition in developing countries.
Helminths
28
Can live independently of host organisms. Leading cause of death in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. Transmitted by contaminated water, feces, or food.
Protozoa
29
Complex organisms that usually live on or in the skin, where they feed on the host's tissue or blood. They cause local irritation and are frequently vectors for serious infectious diseases. For example, flees, ticks, lice, mosquitoes, and scabies.
Ectoparasites
30
True or False?
A single square inch of skin on your arm is home to thousands of bacteria. A sneeze projects hundreds of thousands of viral particles into the air. Bacteria can double in number every 20 mins and a virus can replicate thousands of times within a single human cell.
True
31
How the body protects itself against pathogens by keeping them out physically and by destroying them chemically.
External barriers
32
What is the first line of defense of the body in protecting itself against pathogens?
the skin ( most organisms can't get through the skin unless it's damaged)
33
Physical External barriers to Pathogens include:
- skin
- mouth
- lungs
- nasal passages
- vagina
- hair in ear canals and nasal passages
- cough reflex
34
Damage to any external barriers increase risk of infection. What things can put you at risk for infections?
- alcohol
- tobacco
- current illness
- burns and cuts
- medications (like meds for acid reflux makes the stomach less acidic)
35
Complex set of cells, chemicals, and processes that protect the body against pathogens when they succeed in entering the body.
immune system
36
Chemical external barriers that help protect against pathogens:
- saliva
-small intestines bile and enzymes
- vaginas acidic environment
- fatty acids and lysozyme in skin
37
Immune system has 3 functions:
-recognize foreign particles on infectious organisms
- attack and destroy the infected organisms
- communicate to other parts of the immune system about when to begin and end attack
38
part of the immune system designed to catch and dispose of foreign particles or pathogens in a nonspecific manner.
innate immune system
39
part of the immune system that recognize specific targets of pathogens.
acquired immune system
40
Of the innate immune system. The body's initial reaction to tissue damage, whether it's due to trauma or infection. A series of changes that increases the flow of blood to the site. Signs of this are redness, warmth, pain, and swelling.
acute inflammatory response
41
Exposure to a pathogen allows cells to mature and produce antibodies developing this. Reduced susceptibility to a disease based on the ability of the immune system to remember, recognize, and mount a rapid defense against a pathogen it has previously encountered. Discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796, when he realized that people who had been infected with cowpox rarely become ill or died when exposed to smallpox.
Immunity
42
From the Discovery Edward Jenner made, he found that the body can adapt and produce antibodies from an illness to develop immunity to prevent other deadly illnesses. What did this lead to the development of?
Vaccinations
43
They are preparations of weakened or killed microorganisms or parts of microorganisms given to develop immunity to various diseases. Developed for many infectious diseases, and have seen reductions in death rates from these diseases since 1900.
Vaccinations
44
2 functions of vaccinations:
-protect the individual by stimulating an immune response
- protect society
45
In 1998, who published a story saying there was a link between vaccinations for measles, mumps, rubella, and autism. Then was declared as fraudulent in 2010 resulting in him being guilty of ethical, medical, and scientific misconduct and banned from practicing medicine. Unfortunately, the damage was done and many believe there was this link and the rates of vaccinations dropped. In actuality, the risk of vaccination is far less than the risk of requiring a disease.
Andrew Wakefield
46
Controllable Risk factors for infectious diseases:
- balanced diet
- exercise
- maintaining stress
- enough sleep
- vaccination
- good hygiene
- avoiding tobacco
47
Uncontrollable Risk Factors:
- Age ( youngest and oldest are most at risk)
- chronic disease like diabetes
- surgery
- Genetic predisposition
- lack of access to health care
-poverty
48
Disruptions to Immunity:
- body recognizes immune system as "nonself"
- immune system fails to turn of immune response once an infections is over
- self destruction ( cause damage to body cells and tissues when immune response isn't turned off)
- allergic reactions
- short term stress
49
Temporary immunity provided by antibodies from an external source. For example, while breastfeeding a mother's antibodies can be passed to the fetus to provide temporary immune protection.
passive immunity
50
Occurs when the immune system identifies a part of the body as "foreign" and makes antibodies against itself. Vary in their effects depending on which part of the body is seen as foreign. For example, in rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system can cause destruction to joints, kidneys, and other internal organs. More common in WOMEN than men.
Autoimmune diseases
51
Occur when the immune system process identifies a harmless substance as an infectious agent and mounts a full blown immune response.
allergic reactions
52
A life threatening systemic allergic response requiring immediate medical attention.
anaphylactic shock
53
True or False?
Short term stress can actually enhance immune system functioning by activating the body's responses to stressors like puncture wounds, scrapes, and animal bites. Chronic stress suppresses immune system functioning. It's not clear, however, if stress "causes" illness.
True
54
Changes the Affect Disease Transmission:
Technology Changes: - blood transfusions - organ transplants
( have the ability to transmit infectious diseases from donor to recipient)
- widespread distribution of food which risk contamination
Behavioral changes:
- travel
- sexual behavior
- drug use
- antibiotic resistance
55
Public Health affects on Infectious Diseases:
- close contact in college dorms
- in person classes
- in person extracurriculars
- parties
- shared dorms
- sexual behaviors and use of protection
- shared needles and syringes
56
Public Health aspects to consider:
- virtual classes
- virtual activities
- individual transportation or reduce amount of people on buses
- 6-foot spacing procedures
- hand hygiene
- face covering
- clean syringes to reduce obtaining Hepatitis C
- cover cough or sneeze ( respiratory etiquette)
57
Environmental factors affect on infectious diseases:
- climate change ( temperature changes and weather events)
- crowded housing
- clean drinking water
- access to food
- a rise in number of vectors
- rise in growth of geographic area in which vectors can survive
58
Cause inflammation of the liver with symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, and jaundice.
hepatitis viruses
59
Discovered in 1989, not highly infectious and requires introduction directly into the bloodstream for transmission. Risk factors include IV drug use, receiving blood or blood products, sex with infected person, or sharing personal items like toothbrush or razor. Can be transmitted through contaminated tattoo or body piercing equipment. Sexual transmission is RARE. Can have no symptoms. Incubation period is about 4-6 weeks. Not highly infectious meaning its not easily passed from person to person and yet its still the MOST common form of bloodborne infection.
Hepatitis C
60
What is the leading cause of liver failure requiring liver transplantation?
Hepatitis C
61
Best associated with tattooing. This form of infection can spread quickly and can be difficult to treat. Find a licensed provider who follows infection control protocol to prevent this.
MRSA
62
In 1929, Alexander Fleming observed that this common mold prevented the growth of bacteria. Became the first antibiotic and was declared a miracle drug.
Penicillin
63
Antibiotic resistance factors of why it can stop working:
- how quick resistant genes arise naturally among bacteria through mutation
- how often antibiotics are used
64
Drug that works by killing and preventing growth of harmful bacteria. Have saved millions of lives, however, microorganisms respond to their environment and develop mechanisms to resist being killed.
Antibiotics
65
What infectious disease is become common on college campuses?
MRSA
66
The ability of bacteria to adapt and grow in the presence of antibiotics.
Antibiotic resistance
67
Get help from people not taking their antibiotics correctly. Most people stop taking medications once symptoms have subsided and they feel better. However, this resistant bacteria survive and regrow stronger leading to the rise of superbugs.
resistant genes
68
Public Health actions to ensure available antibiotics:
- raising awareness about resistance
- increase surveillance for resistant organisms
- increase sanitation
- increase hygiene
- increase vaccinations
- invest more in new medication development and research
69
What is seen to be the greatest public health achievement?
Vaccinations
70
The leading causes of global infectious disease mortality:
- pneumonia
- diarrhea
- tuberculosis (TB)
- malaria
71
An infection of the lungs or lower respiratory tract. Can be viral or bacterial. Young children and older adults are at greatest risk. The pathogens are inhaled in infected air droplets transmitted from an infected person who is coughing or sneezing nearby. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and chills.
Pneumonia
72
What is the leading cause of death and infectious diseases?
Pneumonia
73
Risk factors of pneumonia:
- exposure to environmental pollutants
- tobacco
- alcohol
- drugs
- poor nutrition
74
Prevention of pneumonia:
- avoid tobacco
- avoid alcohol
- avoid drugs
- avoid crowded living
- good hygiene
- vaccinations
75
What is a problem in treating pneumonia because bacteria that causes pneumonia is resistant to penicillin, and the majority of influenza A, one of the viruses that causes pneumonia, is resistant to one of the four antiviral drugs used for treatment?
Antibiotic resistance
76
Require vaccination annual updates because it's an RNA virus and has several strains. The major types that infect humans are called A and B.
Influenza
77
Can infect birds, pigs, horses, humans, whales, and bats. Each species has its primary influenza subtypes. Wild bird populations are the major reservoir for this, and all subtypes have been identified in wild birds. Pigs can be infected with their own subtypes (called swine influenza strains) and with human or avian (bird) influenza strains. If a pig is infected with two subtypes of influenza at the same time, major genetic recombination can occur, creating totally novel viral subtypes. If the new virus spreads to humans—and if it can spread from human to human and cause disease—a new pandemic may occur.
Influenza A
78
The eighth leading cause of death among people of all ages and fourth leading cause among children under age 5.. Kills 2-3 million children each year. Leads to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Repeated episodes lead to malnutrition and growth delay. Viruses and bacteria cause this.
Diarrhea
79
Most common cause of diarrhea deaths in young children. Responsible for 25% of diarrhea deaths worldwide. Spread through contaminated food and water. Has a vaccine that is recommended for all infants starting at 2 months of age.
Rotavirus
80
Prevention measures for diarrhea:
- improve sanitation
- improve hygiene
- improve accessibility to clean water and food
- vaccinations
81
What is the most COMMON infectious disease worldwide?
Tuberculosis (TB)
82
This disease is caused by a member of a subset of bacteria, and is spread primarily through aerosolized droplets coughed out of the lungs of an infected person and breathed in by another person. When inhaled, the immune system walls it off preventing it from growing or spreading. Is a latent infection ( an infection that is not currently active but could reactivate at a later time). 5-10% of infected people develop this disease at some point meaning the bacterium is no longer controlled and can replicate, spread and be transmitted to other people. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, fever, and coughing that may bring up blood. Develops mostly in impaired immune systems.
Tuberculous (TB)
83
TB has reemerged as a major health problem because of the rapid spread of this. TB is the leading cause of death among people with what?
HIV
84
Who are most at risk for death with TB?
- immigrants
- homeless people
- prison populations
- people infected with HIV
85
A mosquito-borne disease caused by four species of parasite. Symptoms include high fever, chills, sweats, headache, nausea, vomiting, and body aches. Develop 7-30 days after a bite from an infected anopheles mosquito. Symptoms are often recurring every few days. If it's severe symptoms can include seizures, confusion, coma, heart failure, and death.There are periodic outbreaks in southern states but not as often as before efforts to control the mosquito population.
Malaria
86
Prevention for Malaria include:
- eliminate mosquito breeding grounds
- using insecticides
- use mosquito traps
- staying inside during peak mosquito hours (dawn and dusk)
- take anti-malaria meds
87
What are the most common infectious diseases on college campuses?
- whooping cough
- mumps
- staph
- UTI's
88
The common name for an infection of the respiratory tract caused by the pertussis bacterium. Highly contagious and transmitted by inhalation of respiratory droplets from an infected person's cough or sneeze. Initially will feel like a common cold with congestions, runny nose, mild fever, and dry cough. After one to two weeks, coughing spells last a few minutes, ending in a "whooping" sound as the person gasps for air. Can even persist for months. Treated with antibiotics. Babies and infants require hospitalization. Vaccine wears off 5-10 years leaving adolescence. Should receive boosters.
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
89
A viral illness characterized by fever, headache, and swollen salivary and parotid glands. Parotid glands are located on either cheek just in front of the ears and above the jaw line. Swelling causes a classic “chipmunk” appearance. Serious complications are rare but include inflammation of the brain, testicles, ovaries, or breast. Long-term effects include deafness, sterility, and even death. It is transmitted by respiratory secretions. There is no antiviral treatment. It is widespread of campuses due to group living, social interactions, and travel.
Mumps
90
What is the most common causes of skin infection?
Staph
91
A common bacterium carried on skin or in noses of health people. Usually mild, taking the form of a pimple or small boil. Can be treated by keeping the area clean and dry. Sometimes these infections can spread, creating a large abscess which can require incision, drainage, and treatment with antibiotics. Are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Can cause infection of the blood or pneumonia. These cases require hospitalization and IV antibiotic treatment. Some strains are becoming increasingly resistant like MRSA.
Staph
92
What is the most common bacterial infection? Of which is also most common in women?
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI's)
93
One in three women will have one by the age of 24. The vast majority of UTI's are caused by E.coli, although they can be caused by other bacteria. Symptoms include pain or burning with urination, pain in the lower abdomen, urgency and frequent urination, and if the kidneys are involved, pain in the back and fever. More likely to occur due to recent sexual activity. Treatment includes fluids and antibiotics.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI's)
94
Infections that are spread from on person to another predominantly through sexual contact. Most health experts uses this term because often there are no symptoms, and by definition, a disease is an infection that causes symptoms. However, the CDC calls it sexually transmitted disease (STD). Primary pathogens responsible for this are viruses and bacteria.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI's)
95
Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Forms when the immune system can no longer keep HIV at a controllable level. Was first diagnosed in 1981, and more than 20 million people have died from it. Men who have sex with men account for the majority of new infections.
AIDS
96
What is considered to be the most serious infectious disease challenge in public health today?
HIV/AIDS
97
This virus was found in chimpanzees in Africa. It was believed to have jumped from animal host to human host approximately 50-75 years ago probably due to a needle stick. This enters the host cell, replicates itself and then disables the host cell. Within 4-11 days of exposure, several million viral copies may circulate into the bloodstream. Mutates quickly to avoid complete eradication by the immune system. Acute infection lasts 4-6 weeks after exposure and can easily be mistaken for flu, mono, or herpes. Then the person reaches a viral load set point where the virus circulates in the blood but the person then remains asymptomatic for 2-20 years. Cannot survive long outside human hosts. Is contracted sexually and secondly through IV drug use. If treated, risk to baby from infected mother is minimal.
HIV
98
Methods of Transmission of HIV/AIDS:
- saliva
- blood
- semen
- genital secretions
- breast milk
- shared needles
-vertical transmission
99
How to prevent HIV transmission:
- sterile needles
- antiviral drugs
- condoms
- sanitize hospital products
- universal precautions
100
In place to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C and other bloodborne infections. Include gloves, gown, mask, eyewear, and face shields in settings where someone is likely to be exposed to blood or infected body fluids.
Universal precautions
101
Between what ages should people get tested for HIV/AIDS?
13-64
102
Tests should be done for anyone who has engaged in the following behaviors or has a partner that has done so:
- injected drugs
- unprotected sex
- multiple partners
- diagnosed with STD
- if you're pregnant
103
How long does it take after exposure for a test to detect HIV?
2-8 weeks
104
The most important medications in HIV treatment. More accurate because HIV is a type of virus called a retrovirus. These do not cure the infection but slow the rate at which the virus replicates thus prolonging life. Early treatment reduces risk of transmission.
Antiretroviral agents
105
Drug combinations to reduce drug resistance in different strains of HIV. Help make it easier for people with HIV to successfully stay on treatment.
drug cocktails
106
Curable if identified early. Undiagnosed, they can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, reduce fertility, ectopic pregnancy, and increased risk of HIV transmission.
Bacterial STD's
107
MOST commonly reported bacterial STD. Young women are at greater risk of obtaining this than young men. Black women have rates higher than white women. For women, symptoms include mild burning sensation with urination and slight increase in vaginal discharge. Infected men have a watery penile discharge, burning sensation with urination or pain, and swelling in the scrotum. If untreated, the disease can persist for months or years and can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in women. It can be treated with antibiotics, but a person can be re-infected if re-exposed.
Chlamydia
108
Second most commonly reported bacterial STD. Rates are highest among young women. Most women do not have symptoms but if they do they will have a mild burning sensation with urination, increased vaginal discharge or vaginal bleeding. Most men eventually end up with penile discharge. Infection can also occur in the rectum or throat. Because men usually have symptoms, they usually notice infection early and get treatment. Treated with 2 antibiotics instead of one to reduce risk of further resistance. But drug resistance is a growing problem. In 2007, a new class of antibiotics was recommended for treatment.
Gonorrhea
109
An infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. Infection occurs when bacteria from the vagina or cervix spreads upward into the uterus and fallopian tubes. The bacteria are usually from STD’s like Chlamydia or gonorrhea. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, pelvic pain, and vaginal bleeding or discharge. It is treated with a combination of antibiotics prescribed to cover gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and vaginal bacteria. If severe, hospitalization is required. About 18% of women with this develop chronic abdominal or pelvic pain lasting more than 6 months. It can be life threatening if untreated. Long term problems arise from scarring in fallopian tubes which increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy and infertility.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
110
Bacterial STD. Men have greater risk than women because of rapid spread among gay men. In stage one, a moist, painless sore appears somewhere between 10 days and 3 months after exposure, and it usually heals on its own. In stage two, a skin rash involving the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet occurs. It is often accompanied by fever, fatigue, sore throat, joint pain, and headache. It also resolves without treatment but can recur for years. Stage three occurs after many years. The disease causes deterioration of the brain, arteries, bones, heart, and other organs leading to dementia, ataxia (lack of coordination), and severe pain. Death can result from nervous system deterioration or heart failure. Infection can transmit to a baby, increasing the risk of transmitting and acquiring HIV.
Syphilis
111
an alteration of the normal vaginal flora. Normal bacteria is replaced with different bacteria causing vaginal discharge and an unpleasant odor. The cause is unclear. It is not considered an STD, but women who have never had sex rarely experience the condition. It is also associated with an increase risk of PID, complications in pregnancy, and transmission of HIV. It is treated with antibiotics.
Bacterial Vaginosis
112
Cannot be cured. Vaccinations is an option for some. Prevention is key.
Viral STD's
113
Most common STD in the US. There are more than 100 types. Some types are associated with genital warts. Others are associated with cancers of the cervix, vulva, penis, anus, and other areas. Two strains associated with cancer are associated with 70% of cervical cancer. Transmitted through skin on skin contact usually through vaginal or anal sex. Most infections are asymptomatic. Women are diagnosed during PAP screenings. Women that have it on the cervix can clear it within 2 years.
The Human papillomavirus (HPV)
114
The main vaccine for HPV. It protects against four strains of HPV. It is approved for males and females aged 9-26, ideally before the onset of sexual activity.
Gardasil
115
Viral STD. Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). The first sign is small, painful ulcers or sores at the site where the person contracted HSV in or around the genitals or the mouth. The initial illness can be severe with fever and swelling of the lymph nodes. Then the virus becomes latent and reactivates periodically. There is no cure, so prevention is essential. Condoms help, but they are not 100% effective. They must be used even when sores are not present. Antiviral medications shorten the course of outbreaks. Vaccines are currently being studied
genital herpes
116
The inflammation of the liver. Most common types are A, B, and C. A and B are transmitted through sexual contact.
Hepatitis
117
Is transmitted through fecal-oral contact and can be spread through contact with contaminated food or water. The greatest risk is for those engaging in anal sex acts. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and jaundice. A safe, effective vaccine is available.
Hepatitis A
118
Sexually transmitted, but worldwide, it is also transmitted through exposure to infected blood. It is a major cause of liver disease, liver failure, and liver cancer worldwide. Can cause chronic liver disease. There is a safe, effective vaccine available, and universal vaccination of all children is recommended. Adults not vaccinated as children should also be vaccinated. Vaccination is required for health care workers.
Hepatitis B
119
How can you prevent and treat infectious diseases?
- eat healthy
- good sleep
- manage stress
- don't smoke
- get vaccinations
- see doctors
- use antibiotics
120
Nonviral and nonbacterial STI. Caused by a protozoan and is transmitted from person to person by sexual activity. Most people won’t have symptoms with infection; however, it can cause a vaginal discharge for women and discomfort with urination for all genders. Sexual partners of the infected person need to be contacted and treated to prevent the further spread and recurrence of the infection.
Trichomoniasis
121
Nonviral and nonbacterial STI. Usually caused by yeast. Symptoms of this yeast infection include vaginal discharge, itching, soreness, and burning with urination. Yeast infections are not usually acquired through sexual intercourse, but they can be mistaken for an STI because the symptoms are similar and they are less common in women who are not sexually active. C. albicans can be a normal part of the vaginal flora and may overgrow in response to changes in the vaginal environment, such as those caused by antibiotics or diabetes. Treated by antifungal meds.
Candidiasis
122
STI but is nonviral and nonbacterial. Can be sexually transmitted and infect the skin in the pubic region and cause intense itching.
Pubic lice
123
Can infect the skin or any part of the body and cause itching. Usually acquired through nonsexual contact. Both this and pubic lice can be treated with medical cream or shampoo containing permethrin.
Scabies
