Chapter 8 :

Question 1

What development enabled Scots-Irish Presbyterians to cement their place in American society?

Answer 1

Frontier colleges

Question 2

What culture inspired Washington Irving’s writing, especially “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”?

Answer 2

Dutch American culture

Question 3

What did Thomas Jefferson believe was key to America’s ability to develop a unique culture and institutions?

Answer 3

Distance from Europe

Question 4

The power of judicial review, established by the Supreme Court by 1820, was significant to the development of the young nation because it

Answer 4

determined that the judiciary was as powerful as Congress or the president.

Question 5

What specifically American dilemmas were at the heart of the plays and essays produced by the Hartford Wits, a young literary group?

Answer 5

The role of the central government in a democratic republic

Question 6

Eli Whitney earned a fortune with the invention of the

Answer 6

rifling lathe.

Question 7

What did Noah Webster hope to achieve with the publication of his first book?

Answer 7

Uniform spelling and pronunciation for all

Question 8

How did Anglo-American attitudes toward Indians differ from those toward African Americans in the late eighteenth century?

Answer 8

Anglos believed that Indians were more similar to whites and could be assimilated.

Question 9

What act or case determined that the Supreme Court had the authority to decide if federal laws were constitutional?

Answer 9

Marbury v. Madison

Question 10

In the 1810s, what region of the United States was home to a vast series of cotton mills built to look like meetinghouses?

Answer 10

New England

Question 11

According to the passages, why does Thomas Jefferson express greater confidence about the chances of suppressing slave insurgency in Virginia than Leonora Sansay does about suppressing it in Haiti?

“The legislature of the state, at a subsequent meeting, took the subject into consideration, and have communicated to me . . . their wish that some place could be provided, out of the limits of the U.S., to which slaves guilty of insurgency might be transported; and they have particularly looked to Africa as offering the most desirable receptacle.” – Thomas Jefferson, 1802

“The negroes have felt during ten years the blessing of liberty, for a blessing it certainly is, however acquired, and then will not easily be deprived of it. They have fought and vanquished French troops, and their strength has increased from a knowledge of the weakness of their opposer, and the climate itself combats for them . . .” –Leonora Sansay, 1802

Answer 11

American troops were tougher than their French counterparts.

Question 12

Where was the capital city prior to the construction of the new capital in Washington, D.C.?

Answer 12

Philadelphia

Question 13

The end of the international slave trade in 1808 meant that U.S. slaves were

Answer 13

given more adequate food and shelter.

Question 14

Jefferson was popular among farmers when he stood for reelection in 1804 because he

Answer 14

made it easier for farmers to purchase land from the federal government.

Question 15

How did President Thomas Jefferson create a vibrant social culture in Washington, D.C.?

Answer 15

He opened the White House to visitors regularly.

Question 16

The rapid growth of the United States in the early nineteenth century

Answer 16

required the expansion of powers of the federal government.

Question 17

What percentage of households of middling wealth owned books by 1820?

Answer 17

80 percent

Question 18

The technological advancements in the production of clothing meant the typical southern plantation mistress

Answer 18

increasingly served as domestic managers and divided the tasks of clothing production and other household duties among her servants and slaves.

Question 19

Napoleon wanted to unload the entire Louisiana Territory on the United States because

Answer 19

his defeat in Haiti had soured him on the Americas.

Question 20

What caused most slave owners to refuse to emancipate their slaves in the 1790s?

Answer 20

The expansion of cotton production

Question 21

Why was the invention of the cotton gin such a big deal?

Answer 21

One person operating a cotton gin could clean as much cotton in one hour as several workers could clean by hand in a day.

Question 22

What was the most common practice among southern planters to increase their slave population after 1808?

Answer 22

Reliance on natural reproduction

Question 23

How did the Embargo Act undermine Jefferson’s reputation as a strong Democratic-Republican?

Answer 23

Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican views were contradicted by the Embargo Act.

Question 24

The Louisiana Purchase raised constitutional questions regarding the

Answer 24

right of the federal government to buy land from foreign nations.

Question 25

What was Thomas Jefferson’s opinion of the nation’s extensive frontiers?

Answer 25

It was key to future national development.

Question 26

Why was John Marshall one of the most important chief justices of the Supreme Court in U.S. history?

Answer 26

He led hearings on cases that established the structure of the federal government.

Question 27

Who established the American Colonization Society in 1817?

Answer 27

Southern slave owners and northern merchants

Question 28

What region lagged behind the others in providing opportunities for public education for children before the Revolution?

Answer 28

South

Question 29

Jefferson supported political revolutions in America and France but not Haiti because the Haitian Revolution

Answer 29

challenged racial slavery and encouraged black freedom

Question 30

What did the continued practice of impressment of American sailors by the British Royal Navy signal in the nineteenth century?

Answer 30

The United States was still politically weak.

Question 31

What helped the American economy recover from the Embargo Act?

Answer 31

Development of the Louisiana Purchase

Question 32

What happened when Jefferson refused to continue paying the Barbary States of North Africa for protection of American merchant ships?

Answer 32

Barbary pirates resumed their attack on American ships.

Question 33

What impact did the invention of the cotton gin have on slavery?

Answer 33

Cotton plantations expanded, which increased reliance on slavery.

Question 34

How did technological advances affect the lives of both free and enslaved men and women?

Answer 34

It added to their burdens by increasing employer expectations.

Question 35

What was Jefferson’s philosophy about the role of government?

Answer 35

Federal power should be limited.

Question 36

How did Indians assist the expedition of Lewis and Clark?

Answer 36

Indians lived throughout the territory and provided food, shelter, and navigation assistance.

Question 37

What university established the nation’s first medical school?

Answer 37

The University of Pennsylvania

Question 38

How did the expansion of cotton cultivation affect Indian relations?

Answer 38

Tensions were aggravated because whites wanted more and more Indian land for cotton.

Question 39

What position did nineteenth-century writer Washington Irving take on Indian-English conflicts?

Answer 39

He challenged colonial accounts that celebrated white atrocities.

Question 40

The Library Company of Philadelphia commissioned Samuel Jennings to paint Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences to advance the position that:

Answer 40

Slavery should be abolished.

Question 41

Who built the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C.?

Answer 41

Both slaves and free workers

Question 42

New England merchants responded to the Embargo Act of 1807

Answer 42

by opposing it and attempting to smuggle goods through Canada.