Chapter 4 : Religious Strife and Social Upheavals

Question 1

What led to a great decline in the value of women’s labor near the end of the seventeenth century?

Answer 1

The spread of indentured servitude and slavery.

Question 2

What group was especially welcome and celebrated by the outdoor revivals of the Great Awakening?

Answer 2

The poor, because traditional class hierarchies that ordered the church were absent

Question 3

How did men with children respond when their wives died in colonial America?

Answer 3

They remarried as quickly as possible.

Question 4

Where did Jewish American families mostly settle in the mid-eighteenth century?

Answer 4

Seaport cities

Question 5

Women accused of practicing witchcraft were often

Answer 5

poor

Question 6

German Pietists migrated to Great Britain and North America during the Enlightenment and influenced many different groups of people with their core belief that spiritual life could be revived by

Answer 6

restoring intensity and emotion to worship.

Question 7

Many women who were accused of witchcraft had also

Answer 7

challenged male relatives and neighbors for property.

Question 8

What was the important result of Lewis Morris’s political work in the 1730s?

Answer 8

Ordinary freemen participated in elections.

Question 9

In the eighteenth century, to what did colonists attribute their living longer than their European counterparts?

Answer 9

Better diets

Question 10

What social group held the most influence over markets, politics, and the courts throughout the colonial period?

Answer 10

Large landowners

Question 11

Puritan disagreement over the use of inoculations for smallpox reflected tensions over what broader issue?

Answer 11

Faith versus science

Question 12

According to the passage, what duties did Eliza Lucas perform on her family’s South Carolina plantation?

“In general then I rise at five o’Clock in the morning, read till Seven, then take a walk in the garden or field, see that the Servants [slaves] are at their respective business, then to breakfast. The first hour after breakfast is spent at my musick, the next is constantly employed in recollecting something I have learned least . . . , such as French and short hand. . . . Thursday the whole day . . . is spent in writing, either on the business of the plantation, or letters to my friends. Every other Fryday . . . we go a vizeting so that I go abroad once a week and no oftener. . . .”

Answer 12

She managed finances and supervised fieldwork.

Question 13

How could servants or slaves who were being abused by their masters bring an end to the abuse?

Answer 13

By running away

Question 14

What physical environment was most hazardous to the health of newborn babies in the eighteenth century?

Answer 14

Urban areas

Question 15

Great Awakening preachers connected religious teachings to political philosophies by

Answer 15

highlighting the democratic tendencies in the Bible.

Question 16

What practice did Puritan minister Samuel Sewell condemn as evidence of moral depravity?

Answer 16

Donning powdered wigs in place of God-given hair

Question 17

How did natural reproduction, the immigration of children, and healthier settlement patterns affect colonial society in the eighteenth century?

Answer 17

The population was younger.

Question 18

The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century was a

Answer 18

cultural movement that emphasized rational and scientific thinking.

Question 19

What did a person’s economic success signal to New England ministers?

Answer 19

A successful person was being rewarded for godly behavior.

Question 20

In colonial America, why was gossip an important tool of self-defense for a woman who was being abused by her husband?

Answer 20

A wife had little chance of legal redress against her husband.

Question 21

Compared to witch-hunts in Europe, those in seventeenth-century North America were

Answer 21

smaller and less frequent

Question 22

On what basis did Lewis Morris join other colonial elites in 1733 to work against the recently appointed governor of New York?

Answer 22

The governor was tied to ministerial corruption in England.

Question 23

How did English officials and wealthy colonists with power ensure the masses would defer to their authority?

Answer 23

By holding public elections by voice vote rather than secret ballot

Question 24

In early colonial communities from New England to the Chesapeake, many women gained economic and legal leverage because

Answer 24

there was a shortage of women and workers.

Question 25

In 1750, it became apparent that colonists had become used to religious diversity and toleration when Old and New Light ministers

Answer 25

resisted the crown’s appointment of an Anglican bishop for the colonies.

Question 26

Throughout the eighteenth century, which imperial power kidnapped men from North American seaport cities and forced them to serve in its navy?

Answer 26

Great Britain

Question 27

What special skill earned colonial women power in their household and the community?

Answer 27

Midwifery

Question 28

Why didn’t formal churches benefit from the revivals of the Great Awakening?

Answer 28

The central tenets of the movement undermined established church authority.

Question 29

What central tenet of revivalist preaching marked the Great Awakening?

Answer 29

Criticism of educated clergy

Question 30

What role did the Great Awakening have in colonial American political culture?

Answer 30

It inspired free thinking and rebellion against authority.

Question 31

What was the lasting legacy of the Great Awakening on American Protestantism?

Answer 31

A style of passionate and popular preaching

Question 32

According to the passage, what sort of evidence did Abigail Faulkner complain had been used against her during her witchcraft trial at Salem?

“That your poor and humble Petitioner having been this four monthes in Salem Prison and condemned to die having had no other evidences against me but the Spectre Evidences and the Confessors w’ch Confessors have lately since I was condemned owned to my selfe and others and doe still own that they wronged me and what they had said against me was false: and that they would not that I should have been put to death for a thousand worldes for they never should have enjoyed themselves againe in this world; w’ch undoubtedly I shouled have been put to death had it not pleased the Lord I had been with child.”

Answer 32

Spectral evidence

Question 33

What condition was necessary for ordinary freemen of lower and middle classes to successfully challenge the power of economic and political leaders in the eighteenth century?

Answer 33

Local elites had to be divided

Question 34

In the eighteenth century, under what circumstances were women given a right to make their voice heard and participate in popular public protests?

Answer 34

When their grievances concerned domestic issues

Question 35

Which group of people had the lowest fertility rates in the eighteenth century?

Answer 35

African Americans

Question 36

What inspired large numbers of Scots-Irish to migrate to Pennsylvania in the 1720s and 1730s?

Answer 36

Bad harvests and high rents back home

Question 37

Colonists in Boston rioted against impressment in 1747. Why was this important?

Answer 37

It showed that colonists would fight against those who sought to deprive them of liberty.

Question 38

What led Puritans to believe that Satan was in their midst?

Answer 38

Indian attacks on rural settlements

Question 39

Pennsylvania’s founder, William Penn, belonged to which religious community?

Answer 39

Quakers

Question 40

How did conflicts within the Iroquois Confederacy in the eighteenth century enable English settlers in Pennsylvania to pry more land away from the Indians?

Answer 40

One Iroquois chief declared his authority over the Delaware Indians by giving a portion of their land to the English.

Question 41

In the seventeenth century, what larger forces led to a decrease in the number of eligible bachelors in New England?

Answer 41

Many men moved west in search of land.

Question 42

In New York in 1734, the legal basis for a libel charge was if the published material

Answer 42

undermined government authority.

Question 43

When Moravian, Scots-Irish, and German immigrants moved to settle on Indian land throughout rural Pennsylvania, what was the result?

Answer 43

The lines between Indian and European immigrant settlements blurred.

Question 44

In colonial America, which class of families most eagerly tried to control the behavior of their sons and daughters to build commercial and political alliances?

Answer 44

Wealthy families

Question 45

Why were there continual struggles and wars between English and Indians over land in eighteenth-century Pennsylvania?

Answer 45

The growing settler population simply claimed land without permission.

Question 46

Witch-hunts occurred most often in which region of colonial North America?

Answer 46

New England

Question 46

Witch-hunts occurred most often in which region of colonial North America?

Answer 46

New England

Question 47

Who maintained ultimate political authority over seventeenth-century colonial settlements?

Answer 47

The king of Great Britain