Chapter 2 : Colonization and Conflicts Flashcards
In the seventeenth century, what crop became the most lucrative for West Indies planters?
sugarcane
Successful long-term colonization in North America required
permanment settlement
As newly elected governor of the Jamestown colony, John Smith ordered the English settlers to
intimidate the indians and to do their own farming
The Virginia Company in the early seventeenth century covered what present-day region?
New York and North Carolina
Anne Hutchinson and John Cotton preached a covenant of grace, which means
people have to rely solely on God’s grace and have no individual choice in their salvation.
What enabled the English to defeat the Spanish attack ordered in 1588 by King Philip II?
The Dutch provided the English with smaller, more maneuverable ships.
When the Dutch established their trading center on the Hudson River in present-day New York, who did they want to trade with?
Iroquois to the west
Which English settlement became the largest economic engine of English colonization in the early seventeenth century?
West Indies
What strategy did Smith and the Virginia Company develop to save the colony and recruit new settlers that resulted in 600 new inhabitants arriving at the colony in June 1609?
They recruited indentured servants from across Europe.
What was the first written constitution adopted in North America?
The Mayflower Compact
When indentured servants suffered mistreatment, they had the right to
sue their master or mistress in court
Why did the French establish a fortified settlement at Montreal in 1643?
to extent their fur trade west
What compelled Algonquians to kill and eat Dutch livestock in seventeenth-century New Netherlands?
Europeans’ pigs and cattle ate from Algonquian cornfields.
In what early North American colony did settlers interact and fight with Indian Chief Powhatan?
Virginia
What caused the survivors of the “starving time” at Jamestown to abandon their plans to return to England?
Supply ships arrived as they were departing.
How did English settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, survive in the early years?
They received a considerable amount of food from Indians.
Which European country with Catholic rulers rejected an alliance with Spain and aimed to exploit their military defeats?
France
What natural force minimized the spread of disease among English settlers in Plymouth?
Harsh, cold winters and a generally cool climate
How did the Protestant Reformation affect the competition among European powers in the colonization of the Americas?
It allowed Portugal to begin colonizing portions of Brazil.
Samuel de Champlain founded the first permanent French settlement in North America in 1608 in the area now known as
Quebec
The Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy (located near the English settlement of Virginia) spoke what language?
Algonquian
What ultimately convinced the English to keep supporting their colony in Virginia?
development of a cash crop
According to the passage, why did some Hurons believe that the “Black Robes”—Jesuit priests—were responsible for widespread deaths in their villages?
“It’s the Black Robes who are making us die by their spells. Listen to me, I will prove it by reasons that you will recognize as true. They set themselves up in a village where everyone is feeling fine; no sooner are they there, but everyone dies except for three or four people. They move to another place, and the same thing happens. They visit cabins in other villages, and only those where they have not entered are exempt from death and illness. Don’t you see that when they move their lips in what they call prayer, spells are coming out of their mouths?”
Disease outbreaks often coincided with missionary visits to Huron villages.
If a female indentured servant became pregnant while still under servitude, the master typically
extended her term by two years
The Spanish returned to the area of New Mexico in 1610 and established a network of missions and estates known as encomenderos, a system under which Spanish
elites were granted rights to land and labor.
The English immigrants who set sail on the Mayflower in September 1620 originally intended to settle in which region?
Virginia
When England erupted in civil war in 1642 over issues of religion, taxation, and royal authority, who emerged as leader and ruled until his death in 1658?
Oliver Cromwell
What early colony was headed by a Catholic proprietor, populated by Catholics and Protestants, and passed the Act of Religious Toleration in 1649, guaranteeing religious freedom to all Christians who settled there?
Maryland
In 1545 Pope Paul II convened the Council of Trent to
demand more training for priests.
What missionaries founded missions on the margins of Pueblo villages north of Mexico and named the area New Mexico?
Franciscans
In 1573, why did Spain decide that missionaries rather than soldiers should direct all new imperial settlements?
The Council of Trent pushed Catholic governments to emphasize religious commitments.
What inspired King Henry VIII’s conversion to Protestantism and his establishment of the Church of England?
The pope refused to annul his marriage.
Who joined the English in a bloody attack on the Pequots that resulted in over 400 dead men, women, and children?
The Narragansetts
What was the primary source of Dutch profit during the seventeenth-century scramble for colonies?
The transportation of trade goods for other nations
Where did the Dutch trade furs with the Mohawk tribe?
Fort Orange
Which group of English immigrants to North America were the most prosperous when they left for the colonies?
Puritans
Which group of English immigrants first settled in Plymouth in 1620?
Pilgrims
Martin Luther and John Calvin were leaders of distinct denominations of what religious movement in the sixteenth century?
Protestantism
When Captain John Smith joined the Virginia Company and set out for North America, he wanted to
establish a private settlement.
In 1664, the English wrested control of what region and renamed it New York?
New Amsterdam
Anne Hutchinson’s trial by the first synod of the Congregational Church in Massachusetts in 1637 for failing to honor the teachings of male ministers resulted in her being found
guilty and exiled from the colony.
The Virginia Company enticed men to try their luck at traveling to North America with
the prospect of owning land of their own.
During the 1637 conflict known as the Pequot War, allied Puritan and Narragansett forces launched a decisive attack in which
they surrounded a Pequot village and burned it down.
Dutch explorers in the Americas were primarily motivated by
economic profit.
What European power supplied guns to the Iroquois to fend off economic competition from the Hurons?
Dutch
What critical resource fueled most conflicts between Native Americans and Europeans?
land
Why did Massasoit, leader of the Wampanoag people, want to form an alliance with English settlers in Plymouth, Massachusetts?
He wanted the English to help him fight other Indians.
In 1664, the English wrested control of what region and renamed it New York?
New Amsterdam
The harsh winter of 1609–1610 killed what fraction of the English settlers in Jamestown?
7 out of 8
