Chapter 2 : Colonization and Conflicts

Question 1

In the seventeenth century, what crop became the most lucrative for West Indies planters?

Answer 1

sugarcane

Question 2

Successful long-term colonization in North America required

Answer 2

permanment settlement

Question 3

As newly elected governor of the Jamestown colony, John Smith ordered the English settlers to

Answer 3

intimidate the indians and to do their own farming

Question 4

The Virginia Company in the early seventeenth century covered what present-day region?

Answer 4

New York and North Carolina

Question 5

Anne Hutchinson and John Cotton preached a covenant of grace, which means

Answer 5

people have to rely solely on God’s grace and have no individual choice in their salvation.

Question 6

What enabled the English to defeat the Spanish attack ordered in 1588 by King Philip II?

Answer 6

The Dutch provided the English with smaller, more maneuverable ships.

Question 7

When the Dutch established their trading center on the Hudson River in present-day New York, who did they want to trade with?

Answer 7

Iroquois to the west

Question 8

Which English settlement became the largest economic engine of English colonization in the early seventeenth century?

Answer 8

West Indies

Question 9

What strategy did Smith and the Virginia Company develop to save the colony and recruit new settlers that resulted in 600 new inhabitants arriving at the colony in June 1609?

Answer 9

They recruited indentured servants from across Europe.

Question 10

What was the first written constitution adopted in North America?

Answer 10

The Mayflower Compact

Question 11

When indentured servants suffered mistreatment, they had the right to

Answer 11

sue their master or mistress in court

Question 12

Why did the French establish a fortified settlement at Montreal in 1643?

Answer 12

to extent their fur trade west

Question 13

What compelled Algonquians to kill and eat Dutch livestock in seventeenth-century New Netherlands?

Answer 13

Europeans’ pigs and cattle ate from Algonquian cornfields.

Question 14

In what early North American colony did settlers interact and fight with Indian Chief Powhatan?

Answer 14

Virginia

Question 15

What caused the survivors of the “starving time” at Jamestown to abandon their plans to return to England?

Answer 15

Supply ships arrived as they were departing.

Question 16

How did English settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, survive in the early years?

Answer 16

They received a considerable amount of food from Indians.

Question 17

Which European country with Catholic rulers rejected an alliance with Spain and aimed to exploit their military defeats?

Answer 17

France

Question 18

What natural force minimized the spread of disease among English settlers in Plymouth?

Answer 18

Harsh, cold winters and a generally cool climate

Question 19

How did the Protestant Reformation affect the competition among European powers in the colonization of the Americas?

Answer 19

It allowed Portugal to begin colonizing portions of Brazil.

Question 20

Samuel de Champlain founded the first permanent French settlement in North America in 1608 in the area now known as

Answer 20

Quebec

Question 21

The Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy (located near the English settlement of Virginia) spoke what language?

Answer 21

Algonquian

Question 22

What ultimately convinced the English to keep supporting their colony in Virginia?

Answer 22

development of a cash crop

Question 23

According to the passage, why did some Hurons believe that the “Black Robes”—Jesuit priests—were responsible for widespread deaths in their villages?

“It’s the Black Robes who are making us die by their spells. Listen to me, I will prove it by reasons that you will recognize as true. They set themselves up in a village where everyone is feeling fine; no sooner are they there, but everyone dies except for three or four people. They move to another place, and the same thing happens. They visit cabins in other villages, and only those where they have not entered are exempt from death and illness. Don’t you see that when they move their lips in what they call prayer, spells are coming out of their mouths?”

Answer 23

Disease outbreaks often coincided with missionary visits to Huron villages.

Question 24

If a female indentured servant became pregnant while still under servitude, the master typically

Answer 24

extended her term by two years

Question 25

The Spanish returned to the area of New Mexico in 1610 and established a network of missions and estates known as encomenderos, a system under which Spanish

Answer 25

elites were granted rights to land and labor.

Question 26

The English immigrants who set sail on the Mayflower in September 1620 originally intended to settle in which region?

Answer 26

Virginia

Question 27

When England erupted in civil war in 1642 over issues of religion, taxation, and royal authority, who emerged as leader and ruled until his death in 1658?

Answer 27

Oliver Cromwell

Question 28

What early colony was headed by a Catholic proprietor, populated by Catholics and Protestants, and passed the Act of Religious Toleration in 1649, guaranteeing religious freedom to all Christians who settled there?

Answer 28

Maryland

Question 29

In 1545 Pope Paul II convened the Council of Trent to

Answer 29

demand more training for priests.

Question 30

What missionaries founded missions on the margins of Pueblo villages north of Mexico and named the area New Mexico?

Answer 30

Franciscans

Question 31

In 1573, why did Spain decide that missionaries rather than soldiers should direct all new imperial settlements?

Answer 31

The Council of Trent pushed Catholic governments to emphasize religious commitments.

Question 32

What inspired King Henry VIII’s conversion to Protestantism and his establishment of the Church of England?

Answer 32

The pope refused to annul his marriage.

Question 33

Who joined the English in a bloody attack on the Pequots that resulted in over 400 dead men, women, and children?

Answer 33

The Narragansetts

Question 34

What was the primary source of Dutch profit during the seventeenth-century scramble for colonies?

Answer 34

The transportation of trade goods for other nations

Question 35

Where did the Dutch trade furs with the Mohawk tribe?

Answer 35

Fort Orange

Question 36

Which group of English immigrants to North America were the most prosperous when they left for the colonies?

Answer 36

Puritans

Question 37

Which group of English immigrants first settled in Plymouth in 1620?

Answer 37

Pilgrims

Question 38

Martin Luther and John Calvin were leaders of distinct denominations of what religious movement in the sixteenth century?

Answer 38

Protestantism

Question 39

When Captain John Smith joined the Virginia Company and set out for North America, he wanted to

Answer 39

establish a private settlement.

Question 40

In 1664, the English wrested control of what region and renamed it New York?

Answer 40

New Amsterdam

Question 41

Anne Hutchinson’s trial by the first synod of the Congregational Church in Massachusetts in 1637 for failing to honor the teachings of male ministers resulted in her being found

Answer 41

guilty and exiled from the colony.

Question 42

The Virginia Company enticed men to try their luck at traveling to North America with

Answer 42

the prospect of owning land of their own.

Question 43

During the 1637 conflict known as the Pequot War, allied Puritan and Narragansett forces launched a decisive attack in which

Answer 43

they surrounded a Pequot village and burned it down.

Question 44

Dutch explorers in the Americas were primarily motivated by

Answer 44

economic profit.

Question 45

What European power supplied guns to the Iroquois to fend off economic competition from the Hurons?

Answer 45

Dutch

Question 46

What critical resource fueled most conflicts between Native Americans and Europeans?

Answer 46

land

Question 47

Why did Massasoit, leader of the Wampanoag people, want to form an alliance with English settlers in Plymouth, Massachusetts?

Answer 47

He wanted the English to help him fight other Indians.

Question 48

In 1664, the English wrested control of what region and renamed it New York?

Answer 48

New Amsterdam

Question 49

The harsh winter of 1609–1610 killed what fraction of the English settlers in Jamestown?

Answer 49

7 out of 8