Chapter 5 : War and Empire

Question 1

Why did British soldiers compete for jobs with colonists?

Answer 1

To supplement their wages

Question 2

What was General Jeffrey Amherst’s general philosophy toward Indians?

Answer 2

All Indians threatened Europeans and should be exterminated.

Question 3

What event during the early eighteenth century both served as a vital mode of communication and advanced efforts among colonists to forge alliances over issues of British abuse?

Answer 3

The Great Awakening

Question 4

The governor of what colony sent troops to the frontier to quell what he viewed as an open rebellion by Regulators following the Stamp Act crisis?

Answer 4

North Carolina

Question 5

According to the passage, what key grievance led frontier settlers in North Carolina, like Hermon Husband, to instigate armed resistance against the proprietary government?

“[I]t has been the Opinion of all the several Legislative Bodies, both of Great-Britain and her Colonies, that peaceable Possession, especially of back waste vacant Lands, is a Kind of Right, always looked upon quite sufficient to entitle them to the Preference or Refusal of a farther [legal] Title. . . . Now the Earl of Granville’s Office, shut in such a manner, that no one in the Province knew but it would open again every year. . . . [B]ut four or five years being now elapsed, there is so much of the Lands seated under these Circumstances [cleared and cultivated], that Individuals in Power, and who has Money, are Marking them out for a Prey . . . because an Opinion seems to be propagated, that it is Criminal to cut a Tree down off the vacant Lands. Who can justify the Conduct of any Government who have countenanced and encouraged so many Thousands of poor Families to bestow their All, and the Labour of many Years, to improve a Piece of waste Land, with full Expectation of a Title, to deny them Protection from being rob[b]ed of it all by a few roguish Individuals, who never bestowed a Farthing thereon?”

Answer 5

Colonial offices were closed, so settlers couldn’t get their land claims legalized.

Question 6

Who led the Sons of Liberty in Boston in protesting the Stamp Act?

Answer 6

Samuel Adams

Question 7

In the aftermath of the Stamp Act Congress and calls of resistance to British laws that were unjust, the delegates proclaimed their loyalty to

Answer 7

the king of England.

Question 8

What inspired the conflict among the colonists and Britain in New York’s Hudson Valley and New Jersey, even before the French and Indian War?

Answer 8

Landlords and speculators exploited working people.

Question 9

What broke the year-long peace between Britain and its North American colonies following the resolution of the Stamp Act crisis?

Answer 9

Britain created a new tax on many imported items.

Question 10

How were the funds collected under the Stamp Act to be spent?

Answer 10

For defense and protection of the colonies

Question 11

How did the British government immediately respond to the Boston Tea Party?

Answer 11

They closed the port of Boston and demanded compensation.

Question 12

What religious denomination grew out of the Great Awakening and proclaimed a message of absolute spiritual equality?

Answer 12

Separate Baptist

Question 13

What key step was necessary to finalize the Peace of Paris in 1763, drawing the French and Indian War to an end?

Answer 13

Land cession

Question 14

Which colonial government first stood against the Stamp Act?

Answer 14

Virginia

Question 15

Which European power established extensive trade networks with Indians throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that subsequently gave them Indian military support during times of war?

Answer 15

France

Question 16

What was the name of the 1754 gathering of colonial leaders to discuss matters of frontier defense, trade, and territorial expansion?

Answer 16

The Albany Congress

Question 17

What inspired the Cherokee nation to dissolve its long-term trade agreement with South Carolina in late 1759?

Answer 17

Colonists kept encroaching into Cherokee hunting grounds.

Question 18

What movement unified men and women, blacks and whites, and people of all classes in the mid-eighteenth century?

Answer 18

Resistance to impressment

Question 19

Why did John Dickinson, writing as “A Farmer,” argue that even though the Townsend Duties did not cost much, they were still unjust?

Answer 19

Accepting even a small tax set a precedent that would justify any tax.

Question 20

When the colonies declared a boycott on British goods, who formed the backbone of the movement?

Answer 20

Women

Question 21

Which of the acts imposed by Parliament upset ordinary North American colonists the most?

Answer 21

The Stamp Act

Question 22

A group of men from Paxton Creek, Pennsylvania, known as the “Paxton Boys,” marched to Philadelphia to

Answer 22

elicit protection from Indians on the frontier

Question 23

What impact did the French and Indian War have on the relationship between the British crown and its North American colonies?

Answer 23

It tightened the bond between the crown and the colonies.

Question 24

The 1765 Stamp Act taxed what transactions?

Answer 24

All transactions involving paper items

Question 25

On what basis was much land granted by European governments to North American settlers in the seventeenth century?

Answer 25

Personal connections

Question 26

Before passage of the Stamp Act, how did the tax burden of the average Englishman compare to that of the average Bostonian?

Answer 26

It was 25 times greater.

Question 27

Why did the king and Parliament allow local governments in the British North American colonies to exercise some control over decisions?

Answer 27

They believed that allowing local governments some sense of autonomy made it easier to rule.

Question 28

Why did Parliament offer the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade in the colonies?

Answer 28

The East India Company was on the verge of economic collapse

Question 29

Why were most elite colonists concerned about the energies stirred up by the Stamp Act crisis?

Answer 29

They feared further rebellion against them by poorer people.

Question 30

Whose military leadership inspired a transformation of the political and military landscape in the British war with the French in 1757?

Answer 30

William Pitt

Question 31

What situation led many colonists to arm themselves against what they saw as an encroachment on their rights and institutions?

Answer 31

The imposition of the Intolerable Acts

Question 32

What was the effect of the Continental Congress on former colonies like Massachusetts?

Answer 32

It drew power away from colonial entities like Massachusetts.

Question 33

According to the passage, why did London merchants petition Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act?

“[I]n consequence of the trade between the colonies and the mother country, as established and permitted for many years, and of the experience which the petitioners have had of the readiness of the Americans to make their just remittances to the utmost of their real ability, they have been induced to make and venture such large exportations of British manufactures, as to leave the colonies indebted to the merchants of Great Britain in the sum of several millions sterling. . . . [T]hat at this time the colonists . . . declare it is not in their power, at present, to make good their engagements, alleging, that the taxes and restrictions laid upon them . . . have so far interrupted the usual and former most fruitful branches of their commerce, restrained the sale of their produce, thrown the state of the several provinces into confusion, and brought on so great a number of actual bankruptcies, that the former opportunities and means of remittances and payments are utterly lost and taken from them; and that the petitioners are, by these unhappy events, reduced to the necessity of applying to the House, in order to secure themselves and their families from impending ruin; to prevent a multitude of manufacturers from becoming a burthen to the community, or else seeking their bread in other countries, to the irretrievable loss of this kingdom; and to preserve the strength of this nation entire.”

Answer 33

Stamp taxes left the colonists unable to pay the money they owed to the merchants.

Question 34

What were the political consequences of repeated Cherokee attacks on British borderland settlements?

Answer 34

Backcountry settlers resented political leaders from more settled regions who failed to provide sufficient soldiers or funds for defense.

Question 35

What inspired George Grenville, prime minister and chancellor of the Exchequer, to reassert British economic and political authority in the colonies?

Answer 35

Britain was deeply in debt.

Question 36

In the 1750s, struggles to further European imperial claims were inspired by signs of

Answer 36

British weakness in North America.

Question 37

What was the intent of the first Continental Congress when it assembled in Virginia in 1774?

Answer 37

To discuss the impact of British policies

Question 38

Which European nation aspired to form an alliance with the powerful Iroquois Confederacy in 1754 to protect its territory from other Indians and rival Europeans?

Answer 38

Great Britain

Question 39

How did the British crown react to news of the union forming among colonial leaders in the 1750s?

Answer 39

They were threatened by this newfound unity.

Question 40

In the aftermath of the successful Stamp Tax protests, how did Parliament reassert its supremacy?

Answer 40

It declared its authority to pass any law on the colonies whenever it wanted.

Question 41

What mid-eighteenth-century act restricted the supply of money in the North American colonies?

Answer 41

Currency Act