Chapter 8 Flashcards
Define Theory:
An abstract generalization that explains how phenomena are interrelated
What do theories consist of?
Two or more concepts and a set of propositions that form a logically interrelated system, providing a mechanism for deducing hypotheses.
What is Grand Theory? Name some examples.
Attempt to explain large segments of the human experience, but they are not good for research.
Types: (don't need to know specifics) Roy’s Adaptation Model Reinforcement theory Descriptive theory Grand theory Nursing Process Theory
“Roy is becoming a Trans nurse model who loves self-care”
What is a Middle-range Theory?
Attempt to focus on phenomena like stress, comfort, and health promotion (phenomena of interest to nurses)
More suitable for research –> CAN BE TESTED EMPIRICALLY
Examples of Middle-range theories:
Health Promotion Model Uncertainty in Illness Theory Social Cognitive Theory Transtheoretical Model Health Belief Model Theory of Planned Behavior
What is a Conceptual Model?
Deals with abstractions or concepts that are assembled because of their relevance to a common theme.
-More loosely structured than theories
What is a Schematic Model?
AKA conceptual maps that visually represent the relationships among phenomena.
What is a framework?
The conceptual underpinning of a study.
- A descriptor of a study
- Not every study has a theory, but will still have its own framework.
- Implicit and not spelled out, especially for quantitative studies.
For Example:
If a study is based on a theory it has a theoretical framework.
If a conceptual model is the basis of a study, it is called a conceptual framework.
What are the four central concepts of nursing?
1) People (human beings)
2) Environment
3) Health
4) Nursing
How are theories used in Qualitative studies?
Attempt to avoid letting theories influence or bias their study and findings.
Examples:
Phenomenologists are guided by a framework focused on the person’s lived experience.
Ethnographers have a cultural framework focus. Grounded theory uses framework related to sociological formulations.
How are theories used in Quantitative studies?
Test a hypothesis from an existing theory.
Multiple theories can relate to a study and some studies create their own theoretical framework that merges several theories together.
Can multiple theories relate to one study?
YES
Pilot studies
Create their own theoretical framework that merges several theories together.
How to critique a framework?
An abstract process; can be difficult due to several factors:
What if the evidence only supports the theory and evidence that could refute it is not found?
Is the evidence insightful?
Does it relate to the underlying framework?
Is a framework in a quantitative study easily discernible?
NO; usually does not state or describe a framework, and usually doesn’t have a specific section for it either.
LOOK AT THE INTERVENTION TESTED!
Single intervention: theory usually not needed
Complex intervention: theory should be included to strengthen the evidence quality.
Is a framework in a qualitative study easily discernible?
YES; more likely to use frameworks, and they aim to maintain bias by ignoring the assumptions of a theory.
Does having a framework in a study automatically make a study good?
NO
What is true regarding middle-range theories?
A) Able to be tested empirically
B) Attempt to explain large segments of the human experience
C) Focused on the middle-class population
D) Research is limited to small population groups
A) Able to be tested empirically
What is true regarding Grand theories?
A) Able to be tested empirically
B) Attempt to explain large segments of the human experience
C) Focused on the middle-class population
D) Research is limited to small population groups
B) Attempt to explain large segments of the human experience
What is true regarding frameworks for quantitative articles?
A) Included in the methods section
B) Primarily uses theoretical frameworks
C) Aims to ignore theory to avoid bias
D) Usually does not state or describe a framework
D) Usually does not state or describe a framework
If a framework was used in a quantitative study, there is not a specific section for it.
What is true regarding frameworks for qualitative articles?
A) Included in the methods section
B) Primarily uses theoretical frameworks
C) Aims to ignore theory to avoid bias
D) Usually does not state or describe a framework
B) Primarily uses theoretical frameworks
More likely to use frameworks, and they aim to MAINTAIN bias by ignoring the assumptions of a theory
What traits should be defined in any conceptual model of nursing? (Select all that apply). A) Human being B) Environment C) Health D) Impact
A) Human being
B) Environment
C) Health
Human beings, environment, health, and nursing are the four main components found in any conceptual model of nursing.
Which of the following is a middle-range theory? A) Roy’s Adaptation Model B) Theory of Human Becoming C) Self-Care Theory D) Health Promotion Model
D) Health Promotion Model
Which of the following is a Grand theory? SATA: A) Roy’s Adaptation Model B) Theory of Human Becoming C) Self-Care Theory D) Health Promotion Model
A) Roy’s Adaptation Model
B) Theory of Human Becoming
C) Self-Care Theory
Other examples:
Reinforcement theory
Descriptive theory
Nursing Process Theory
Which type of model places concepts in a visual format? A) Conceptual Framework B) Theoretical Framework C) Schematic Model D) Conceptual Model
C) Schematic Model
Schematic models or conceptual maps visually represent the relationships among phenomena.
