Chapter 12: Qualitative Studies-Sampling & Data Collection

Question 1

The primary goal for qualitative sampling is…?

Answer 1

to figure out who would be an information-rich source for the study

Question 2

Qualitative Studies: Sampling

The sample size for a qualitative study is based on when ___ _______ occurs. What is it?

Answer 2

Data saturation

Data saturation is when no new information is achieved, or redundancy begins to occur.

Question 3

Qualitative Studies: Sampling

What are the 4 types of Sampling?

Answer 3

1) Snowball
2) Convenience
3) Purposive (2 subtypes)
4) Theoretical

Question 4

Qualitative Studies: Sampling
_______ sampling for a qualitative study includes volunteers to participate.

At what point of the study may this sampling type be used?

Answer 4

Convenience

May be the first type of sampling trialed.

Question 5

Qualitative Studies: Sampling
________ sampling is having participants make referrals to people. It is also known as _____ sampling.

Any Disadvantages?

Answer 5

Snowball; AKA Network sampling

Leaving the participant selection up to others can give a skewed sample that might not be the most information-rich sources.

Question 6

Qualitative Studies: Sampling
_______ sampling is a sampling type adopted after other methods are tried first where the researchers deliberately pick participants to find those that are information-rich.

Answer 6

Purposive

Question 7

Qualitative Studies: Purposive Sampling

What are the 2 Types of Purposive Sampling?

Answer 7

1) Maximum variation sampling

2) Confirming/Disconfirming Cases

Question 8

Qualitative Studies: Purposive Sampling
________ cases are cases that strengthen credibility.
________ cases are new cases that challenge the results.

Answer 8

Confirming

Disconfirming

Question 9

Qualitative Studies: Purposive Sampling

______ _______ sampling involves deliberately selecting cases with a wide range of variation on dimensions of interest.

Answer 9

Maximum variation

Question 10

Qualitative Studies: Sampling
________ sampling is an evolving process where participants are selected as needed for relevance to the emerging theory discovered.

Answer 10

Theoretical

Question 11

Qualitative Studies: Sampling + Ethnography

Ethnographers start with a wide range of participants and narrow it down to a set of ___ _______.

Answer 11

Key Informants

Key informants are those knowledgeable about the culture and serve as the researcher’s main link to the inside.

Question 12

Qualitative Studies: Sampling + Ethnography

What Type of Sources can be used in Sampling?

Answer 12

Ethnography can include sampling things as well as people.
With studying a culture of individuals, it can include people but also meetings or events that occur in the natural setting.

Question 13

Qualitative Studies: Sampling + Phenomenology

Phenomenology uses a small sample size based on two principles, what are they?

Answer 13

1) All participants must have experienced the phenomenon.

2) All participants must be able to articulate what it is like to have lived that experience.

Question 14

Qualitative Studies: Sampling + Grounded Theory
Uses a sample of about _____(#?) people with ________ sampling.
Grounded theory may begin with _______ sampling, progress to _______ ________ sampling, continue until data saturation, and identify ___________ and _________ ______.

Answer 14

20-30
Theoretical sampling
Convenience sampling
Maximum Variation sampling
Confirming and Disconfirming Cases.

Question 15

Qualitative data is collected through _______, __________, and can include inspecting ________ ________.

Answer 15

1) interviews
2) Observation (participation observation)
3) relevant documents

Question 16

Qualitative Studies:

What are the 3 Types of Self-report?

Answer 16

1) Interview
2) Diary
3) Photos

Question 17

Qualitative Studies: Self-report Types
__________ interviews start with a broad, open-ended question, and follow-up questions are based on the response to each question.

This interview type is common in _______ and ________ studies.

Answer 17

Unstructured

ethnographic and phenomenological studies

Question 18

Qualitative Studies: Self-report Types
_________ interviews have a written topic guide that the interviews use to ensure they ask questions about each topic throughout the interview.

Answer 18

Semi-structured

Question 19

Qualitative Studies: Self-report Types
________ interviews gather 5-10 individuals to gather opinions at the same time. The interviewer will use a topic guide and a dialogue should present to gather data.

What is one limitation with this interview type?

Answer 19

Focus group

Limitation: some people are less forthcoming in a group setting.

Question 20

Qualitative Studies: Self-report Types
_________ is a method of data collection. Asking participants to maintain one over a period of time can get rich personalized information. It can be unstructured, but it is more common to direct participants to focus on a specific topic for each entry.

Answer 20

Personal diary

Question 21

Qualitative Studies: Self-report Types

__________ uses photos to conduct an interview. Commonly used in _______ and __________ research.

Answer 21

Photoelicitation

ethnographies and participatory action research.

Question 22

Qualitative Studies: Self-report Types

________ involves the participants themselves taking pictures and interpreting them.

Answer 22

Photovoice

Question 23

Qualitative Studies: Self-report Types

________ involves observing participants in their setting to identify behaviors and experiences.

Answer 23

Observation

Question 24

Qualitative Studies: Self-report Types
________ observation is when the researcher takes an active role in the conversation and seeks to observe, ask questions, and record information.

Answer 24

Participant

Question 25

Participant Observation Data doesn’t have _____ and is grouped into 6 Categories:

1) What is the main features of the setting? Where is it?
2) Who is present, and what are their characteristics?
3) What is going on? What are participants doing?
4) When did the activity begin and end? Is the activity a recurring one?
5) How is the activity organized? How does it unfold?
6) Why is the activity happening? What did not happen and why?

Answer 25

Doesn’t have limitations

1) Physical setting
2) Participants
3) Activities
4) Frequency and duration
5) Process
6) Outcomes

Question 26

Participant Observation Data is recorded how? (2)

Answer 26

1) Log/field diary:

2) Field notes

Question 27

Participant Observation Data:

How do Field notes differ from a log/field diary?

Answer 27

Log/field diary: daily record of events and conversations.

Field notes: broader and represent the observer’s efforts to record info and to synthesize and understand the data.