Ch 9-18 PP Questions + Module 3&4 Quiz Questions Flashcards
Which of the following is not a factor in establishing a causal relationship? A) Confounders B) Relationship C) Temporal D) Sample
Answer D: Sample
Confounders, relationship, and temporal are the three traits of establishing a causal relationship. The sample impacts statistical power.
Which of the following is true of a randomized controlled trial? A) Also known as an observational study B) Uses a control group C) Researchers select the participants D) Retrospective
Answer: B, uses a control group
Randomized controlled trials use an intervention, have a control group, randomized participants, and are primary studies.
What is a method or intervention that quasi-experimental studies can use to increase the quality of the results if it does not use a comparison group? A) Time-series Design B) Increase sample size C) Randomization D) Identify confounding variables
Answer A, time-series design
Quasi-experimental studies do not use randomization, otherwise it would be structured as a RCT.
Which of the following are methods to control a study? (Select all that apply). A) Heterogeneity B) Matching C) Randomization D) Script
Answer: B, C, D, matching, randomization, and script.
Homogeneity is used not heterogeneity. Matching, Randomization, Script, Blinding, and Statistical control are all methods of maintaining control in a study.
What type of study collects data at multiple points or over an extended period of time? A) Observational B) Quasi-experimental C) Randomized Controlled Trial D) Longitudinal
Answer D, longitudinal
This is the definition of a longitudinal design. The other three are research design methods and are not specific to a time.
A researcher is investigating a population of nurses. Nurses are divided up into cardiac nurses and oncology nurses. What would cardiac nurses or oncology nurses represent? A) Strata B) Eligibility criteria C) Sampling bias D) Representative sample
Answer A, Strata.
Strata are mutually exclusive samples of the population based on specific criteria. The only different in the two groups are where they work. Eligibility criteria would refer to a set of requirements to be involved in a study. Sampling bias is when a certain population type is overrepresented or underrepresented in a sample. A representative sample would be one that most relates to the overall population in the hospital.
A researcher collects data on patients in a labor and delivery unit over a two-month time frame. What type of sampling method is this? A) Quota sampling B) Purposive sampling C) Convenience sampling D) Consecutive sampling
Answer: D, consecutive sampling
The question uses a population from an accessible location over a length time, and this represents consecutive sampling. Quota sampling would involve dividing a group into strata and then picking from them. Purposive sampling handpicks individuals based on traits in the population. Convenience sampling picks individuals that are the most convenient. One key difference in consecutive and convenience is that consecutive specifies a location and it identifies a time period to use instead of one point in time.
Which of the following is a type of probability sampling? A) Convenience Sampling B) Consecutive Sampling C) Systematic Sampling D) Quota Sampling
Answer: C, systematic sampling
Types of probability sampling include: Simple random sampling, Stratified random sampling, and Systematic Sampling. The other 3 are types of nonprobability sampling.
What is an example of when a large sample size might not be an accurate representation of the population? A) a power analysis determines the size B) nonprobability sampling is used C) qualitative studies D) observational studies
Answer B, nonprobability sampling is used.
If the sample is not selected randomly, then sample bias can weaken the power of the sample, including a large sample size.
Benefits of Questionnaires include which of the following? (Select all that apply). A) anonymity B) reach diverse geographical areas C) free from validity errors D) less costly than interviews
Answer: A, B, and D, anonymity, free from validity errors, less costly than interviews.
Self-report studies, including interviews and questionnaires pose a potential problem with accuracy and validity. Questionnaires allow anonymity, the ability to reach diverse geographical areas, and are less costly than interviews.
What is one similarity between quantitative and qualitative research designs? A) Blinding B) Control C) Randomization D) Time designs
Answer: D, time designs.
Both qualitative and quantitative studies can use cross-sectional or longitudinal designs. Qualitative studies do not use blinding, control, or randomization.
Which type of qualitative study design involves fieldwork? A) Ethnography B) Phenomenology C) Grounded Theory D) Case studies
Answer: A, ethnography
Ethnographic studies require the researchers to involve themselves in the culture and to perform fieldwork to become involved for a length of time.
Which term is applicable to interpretive phenomenology? A) Bracketing B) Hermeneutics C) Intuiting D) Describing
Answer: B, hermeneutics
Bracketing, intuiting, analyzing, and describing are four traits of descriptive phenomenology. Hermeneutics is characteristic to interpretive phenomenology.
Which type of qualitative research focuses on a core variable? A) Ethnography B) Phenomenology C) Grounded theory D) Narrative analysis
Answer C, grounded theory.
Grounded theory focuses on behavior targeted towards a problem or core variable.
Which type of qualitative research method focuses on a single entity? A) Ethnography B) Phenomenology C) Grounded Theory D) Case Studies
Answer: D, case studies.
Case studies focus on a single entity which can include a person, family, social group or unit. The other study types use varying sample sizes.
Which sampling technique involves having participants refer other individuals to be participants? A) Convenience B) Purposive C) Theoretical D) Snowball
Answer: D, snowball
Snowball sampling is known as network sampling and asks early informants to make referrals.
What is the primary factor in determining the sample size in qualitative studies? A) Data saturation B) Power analysis C) Qualitative study technique D) Sampling technique
Answer: A, data saturation.
Data saturation, or when no new information is provided or when answers are redundant is the primary factor in determining sample size. Power analysis is used to calculate sample size in quantitative studies. Qualitative study techniques lend themselves to certain sample sizes, and the sampling technique can influence the sample, but the sample size for qualitative studies is fluid and is finalized when data saturation is achieved.
Which qualitative study type relies on key informants? A) Phenomenology B) Grounded Theory C) Ethnography D) Observational
Answer: C, ethnography
Ethnography involves immersing oneself in a cultural group and using key informants to help the study progress. Grounded theory and phenomenological studies use sample participants but not key informants. Observational studies are nonexperimental quantitative studies. Observation is a technique of data collection and not a formal study type in qualitative studies.
Which type of data collection technique involves asking a broad general question and asking follow-up questions based on participants responses? A) Participant observation B) Unstructured interviews C) Focus group interviews D) Topic guided interviews
Answer: B, unstructured interviews.
Unstructured interviews do not have a list of topics and are based on the participants responses. The questions become more focused as the participants engages in answering. Participant observation, focus group interviews, and topic guided interviews all use a list of topics to provide a framework for the topics they ask questions about during the interview.
Which type of qualitative study type takes the longest time to conduct? A) Ethnography B) Phenomenological C) Grounded Theory D) Longitudinal
Answer A: Ethnography
Ethnographic studies require getting entrance into an environment, getting to know a group, participating in the group activities, and collects data with a longitudinal time frame. Longitudinal may be used as a way to describe a study, but it refers to how data is collected and is not a study design. The other qualitative study types do not require the same time investment as an ethnographic study.
What makes a research study a mixed-methods study?
A) uses both qualitative and quantitative data collection
B) begins with one research design and shifts to one or more designs as the study progresses
C) combines multiple quantitative research designs to answer one research question
D) design focused on measuring multiple research questions with one method
Answer A: uses both qualitative and quantitative data collection
A mixed-methods study uses quantitative and qualitative study methods and data collection. It may be used for one or more research questions. It does not use multiple quantitative methods or continuously evolve designs as the study continues.
Which type of study designation would be seen in a convergent study? A) QUAN -> QUAL B) QUAL -> QUAN C) QUAN + QUAL D) QUAL = QUAN
Answer C, QUAN + QUAL
Convergent designs are mixed-methods study in which the qualitative and quantitative study occur concurrently and with equal weight. The arrow sign is used to indicate sequential studies, and an equal sign is not a designation used.
