Chapter 10 Flashcards
A ________ ___ specifies how participants will be selected and how many to include.
It is usually described in the ______ section and may be called _____ ___________.
sampling plan
method
study participants
what part of PICO refers to the sampling plan?
P= poplation that represents the entire group
When critiquing a sampling plan, the researchers should describe the (4)
1) type of sampling approach
2) the population and eligibility criteria
3) the sample size with a rationale
4) a description of the sample’s main characteristics
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ rate is the number of people that participate or respond in a study compared to the number of people sampled. The \_\_\_\_\_ (lower/greater?) the response rate, the weaker the results of the study and the greater chance for bias.
response
LOWER
Eligibility criteria specify the population ___________ allowed in a sample.
characteristics
A ______ is a subset of population elements.
The goal is to pick
sample
the correct number of individuals to represent the population at large
________ bias is when a certain population type is overrepresented or underrepresented in a sample.
Sampling bias
______ are mutually exclusive segments of a population based on a specific characteristic.
Strata
Walter’s Sampling example:
A population could be nursing students.
A strata could be nursing students in an _________ or in a _________.
What type of Eligibility criteria could restrict the study?
ABSN program or in a traditional BSN program.
Walter’s Sampling example:
A population of nursing students in an ABSN program
If Eligibility criteria restricted it to students in an ABSN program whose previous degree was in healthcare, what would this result in?
SAMPLING BIAS
because it would overrepresent students with a previous healthcare background and underrepresent those without a healthcare background.
___________ sampling selects elements by nonrandom methods in which every element does not have a chance to be included.
Disadvantages? Advantages?
Nonprobability
Will have sampling bias, and the results can be misleading
They are expedient and have the easiest time being utilized to make a study.
Name the 4 types of Nonprobability samples:
1) Consecutive sampling
2) Purposive sampling
3) Convenience sampling
4) Quota sampling
___________ sampling selects the most conveniently available people as participants.
Give an example:
Convenience An example would be me conducting a survey on this class, as the class would be a convenient sample.
_____ sampling is using strata information to figure out how to use a balanced sample.
Give an example:
Quota
The text gives an example of identifying the percentage of males and females in the population and using the same percentages in the chosen sample.
__________ sampling is a type of nonprobability sampling method that recruits everyone from an accessible population over a period of time.
This type of sampling population is one available in a certain ________ or _________.
Give an example:
Consecutive
location or situation
An example would be using a specific hospital unit and including every patient in that unit over a time period.
_________ sampling is a form of nonprobability sampling in which the researchers handpick sample members based on traits in the population.
Purposive
___________ sampling involves random selection of elements from a population. Each element has an _____ chance of being selected.
Probability
equal
Probability sampling is the only viable method of obtaining a _____________ sample.
representative
Name the 3 Types of Probability Sampling:
1) Simple random sampling
2) Stratified random sampling
3) Systematic Sampling
______ random sampling is the most basic probability sampling and involves using a tool to randomly select elements from a sampling frame.
A sampling ______ is a list of population elements.
Give an Example:
Simple random
A sampling frame is a list of population elements.
If I took the roster for the class and assigned a number for every student, I could use a program to randomly select 5 numbers to be used for a survey. That would be simple random sampling.
__________ random sampling divides the population into two strata and then randomly selects samples from both strata.
Stratified
__________ sampling chooses to select a specific number such as every 4th person to use in the sample.
Systematic
Sample size is the number of study ___________, and determines the statistical _____
participants
Statistical power.
A ______ analysis is a method for researchers to determine how large a sample size should be.
power analysis
A large sample does not ensure accurate results if ____________ (probability/nonprobability?) sampling is used.
nonprobability
An example would be going to an ED and polling participants on areas of nursing that are the most important. The polls might determine that ED nursing is the most important type of nursing.
However, if the majority of nurses work on MS floors, the poll would have a different example.
Will a small sample suffice to support a conclusion if sampling is perfectly random?
NO; A small sample won’t support a conclusion even if the sampling is perfectly random.
What is self-report data? AKA?
Self-reports are the only way to know how a person feels or what they believe, but they can have ________ and ______ errors.
Self-report data or patient-reported outcomes are participants’ responses to a researcher’s questions.
can have accuracy and validity errors.
How is self-report data collected? (2)
1) interview
2) questionnaire
An _________ is when self-reported data is collected with a formal written document verbally in person or by telephone.
2 Advantages?
Interview
1) Get a larger response rate
2) Able to be completed by all portions of the population, while some may not be able to complete a questionnaire.
A ____________ is when participants complete a form or survey themselves.
3 Advantages?
questionnaire
1) less costly
2) advantageous for geographically dispersed samples
3) allow for anonymity
____-ended questions allow for specific responses and allow the results to be comparable.
Give 2 examples:
Disadvantage?
Closed
1) questions with yes or no answers
2) a Likert scale from 0 to 10.
Close-ended questions can potentially inhibit a participant from giving accurate responses though.
_____-ended questions allow for varied responses and can obtain richer detail.
Disadvantage?
Open-ended questions
can be more difficult to compare the responses from different participants.
______ are devices that assign a numeric score to people along a continuum.
Give 2 examples:
Scales
1) Likert scale
2) Visual analog scale
Scales can have response set biases, including _____ _________, _______ _____, and _______ _______.
What does this account for?
social desirability, extreme response, and acquiescence response
Participants may misrepresent by giving answers that are in common with society views, give extreme answers instead of honest answers, or be yaysayers or naysayers.
Give an example of a Likert Scale?
Course evaluations usually utilize Likert scales.
Any scale that has a rating with options such as strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree, or always, sometimes, never, n/a is a Likert scale.
A ______ ______ scale measures subjective experiences such as pain or fatigue.
Give an example:
visual analog
A line drawn from left to right may have the left side marked 0 for no pain and the right side marked 10 for most pain. The participant can pick a spot along the continuum to represent their pain.
Data collection methods:
Observational Methods gather information about participants through ___________.
observation
Observational Methods:
________ system focuses on behaviors or events of interest to an observational study.
Category system; It can leave out some behaviors to focus on ones of interest.
For example, if I wanted to categorize behavior in clinical, I could use categories such as “looking in a drug book”, “charting an assessment”, “taking vital signs”, “talking to the primary nurse”.
I could keep track of how often I saw students performing these four activities during the day to observe who appeared to be the most focused on their nursing care.
It would not account for the time students were in the room or off the floor, which could be involved in nursing care.
Observational Methods: Category System
What two methods are utilized in a Category System?
1) Checklist
2) Rating scale
Observational Methods: Category System
The __________ is the instrument researchers use to record observations.
Checklist
Observational Methods: Category System
A ______ _____ can be used to rate the behavior among a continuum to measure intensity instead of just the number of occurrences.
rating scale
Observational Methods:
___________ sampling describes when the observation period will occur.
What are the two methods employed for this type of sampling?
Observational sampling.
1) Time sampling
2) Event sampling
Observational Methods: Observational sampling
_____ sample selects time periods when observations will occur.
Time
Time sampling could be observing for 15 min every hour.
Observational Methods: Observational sampling
_____ sampling focuses on specific events.
Event
Event Sampling could be focusing on medication administration times.
Observational Methods:
____________ _________ can observe the effect of an intervention on a patient through a physiologic response.
Biophysiologic Measures
3 Advantages of Biophysiologic Measurements?
Any disadvantages?
1) objective
2) fairly accurate
3) free from bias.
There are limits to what data can be recorded in this method.
Observational Methods: Biophysiologic Measures
__ ____ measurements are performed directly on the participant to obtain a value, such as blood pressure.
In vivo
Observational Methods: Biophysiologic Measures
__ _____ measurements take something from the participant and analyze it, such as drawing blood to measure lab values.
In vitro
The instruments or scales used to collect data directly relate to the _______ of the data.
quality
Factors affecting the quality of the data: (2)
1) Measurement
2) Psychometric assessment
____________ involves assigning numbers to represent the amount of an attribute present in a person or object.
the numbers need to be shown to be ________ for what they represent. Give an example.
Measurement
ACCURATE for what they represent.
For example, if a pain scale went from 0 – 3 with 3 being severe pain and 0 being no pain, a 1 on it would be much different than a 1 – 10 scale.
A psychometric assessment involves an evaluation of the measure’s _________ _________.
_________ and _______ are used to measure the effectiveness of a tool.
measurement properties
Reliability and validity
_________ is the extent to which scores are free from measurement error.
What test can be used to determine it for a specific measurement tool?
Reliability
Test-retest reliability provides the same measurement tool to the same person at two different points in time.
A test is reliable if the scores are the same or very similar.
Reliability can be influenced by the person if the score is based on ________.
A way to combat this is to use ________ reliability or having more than one person use the scale to measure something to observe for similarities.
Give an Example:
judgment
interrater reliability
Example: four nurses could apply the Morse Fall Scale to a patient and the results should be the same because the scale has been proven by research to be accurate.
_______ _________ is measured by having multiple items address the same theme with rewording.
Give an example:
Internal consistency
An example would be answering strongly agree, agree, disagree or strongly disagree to the following four statements:
- It is necessary to lie sometimes.
- People prefer to lie.
- Lying is a normal part of life.
- A lie can help improve a situation.
These would all assess if someone is okay with lying. Some jobs will have you take a giant personality questionnaire that will use questions like these and have multiple versions of the same question written in several ways to ensure internal consistency.
________ is the degree to which an instrument measuring a concept is appropriate to measure.
Validity
____ validity means if an instrument looks like it measures the target construct.
Face
_______ validity is the extent an instrument’s content adequately captures the construct.
Content
________ validity is the extent to which scores are a good reflection of an ideal measure of the construct.
Criterion
