Chapter 11: Qualitative Studies

Question 1

Qualitative studies use an emergent design that evolves as researchers make ongoing decisions about their data needs based on:

Answer 1

based on what they have already learned

Question 2

General characteristics of qualitative designs include: (5)

Answer 2

1) flexible
2) triangulating various data collection strategies
3) tends to be holistic
4) requires a lot of time investment by researchers (intensely involved)
5) Ongoing data analysis that may alter the design or plan.

Question 3

Are Qualitative studies Experimental or Nonexperimental?

Answer 3

Nonexperimental UNLESS they are part of a larger quantitative study.
Qualitative studies focus on naturalistic settings and may conduct the study in a variety of settings rather than a fixed location.

Question 4

Do Qualitative studies use Controls/Comparison groups and Blinding?

Answer 4

Nope, not in the majority of them.

More often than not, do not utilize comparison groups.

Question 5

In general, do Qualitative studies use a fixed location or multiple locations?
Describe the location setting mostly used.

Answer 5

Use a variety of settings rather than a fixed location

Focus on naturalistic settings (instead of controlled)

Question 6

One similarity between quantitative and qualitative research is with ____ ______.
What are the two types related to data collection?

Answer 6

Time frames
Cross-sectional: gaining data at one point in time.
Longitudinal: collecting data at multiple points in time.

Question 7

What do Qualitative studies have the potential to reveal or identify?
What can this be used for?

Answer 7

Can reveal:

1) potential patterns (themes)
2) Causal relationships

Data results can be studied in a systematic fashion with more controlled methods (quantitative studies)

Question 8

What are the 3 main types of Qualitative studies?

Answer 8

1) Ethnography
2) Phenomenology
3) Grounded Theory

Question 9

Qualitative Study Types:
__________ involves the description and interpretation of a culture and cultural behavior.

What are researchers of this referred to?

Answer 9

Ethnography

Ethnographers

Question 10

_______ is not limited to ethnic groups but can refer to any group with a similar trait such as nursing students, nurses on a certain floor, etc.

Answer 10

Culture

Question 11

The ____ perspective refers to the way a culture regards their world, or in other words the insider’s view.
The ____ perspective is the outsider’s perspective of the experience of the culture.

Answer 11

Emic perspective

Etic perspective

Question 12

Qualitative Study Types: Ethnography
How do researchers collect their data?

A drawback of this?

Answer 12

Fieldwork is the process by which the ethnographer comes to understand a culture.
Can take a long time as the researcher becomes involved with the group.

Question 13

Qualitative Study Types: Ethnography
Participant observation by ethnographers involves __?

Who can help ethnographers with data interpretation?

Answer 13

involves the researcher making observations while participating in activities.

Enlist help from an informant or someone familiar with the cultural group to help interpret the events.

Question 14

Qualitative Study Types: Ethnography

Ethnographers seek 3 types of information:

Answer 14

1) cultural behavior
2) cultural artifacts
3) cultural speech.

Question 15

Qualitative Study Types: Ethnography

What type of nursing research is related to Ethnography, and what is its focus?

Answer 15

Ethnonursing research is the study and analysis of the local or indigenous people’s viewpoints, beliefs, and practices about nursing care behavior and processes of designated cultures.

Question 16

Types of Qualitative Studies:

___________ seeks to understand people’s everyday life experiences.

Answer 16

Phenomenology

Question 17

Qualitative Study Types: Phenomenology
In general, what sample size is used?
What does data collection involve?

Answer 17

Generally have a smaller sample size

Involve in-depth conversations with individuals

Question 18

Qualitative Study Types: Phenomenology

Name the 2 types of Phenomenology studies?

Answer 18

1) Descriptive

2) Interpretive

Question 19

Qualitative Study Types:Descriptive Phenomenology

What are the 4 steps (no detail)

Answer 19

1) Bracketing
2) Intuiting
3) Analysis
4) Describing

Question 20

Qualitative Study Types: Descriptive Phenomenology
_________ is the process of identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon understudy.

In other words, ……….?

What tool can help with this?

Answer 20

STEP 1:
The process of identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about phenomenon under study. (abeyance=temporary disuse of something)

In other words, begin the study with an open mind.

A reflexive journal is used to help the researcher maintain the open mind.

Question 21

Qualitative Study Types: Descriptive Phenomenology

_________ is remaining open to the meanings attributed to a phenomenon by those who have experienced it.

Answer 21

STEP 2:

Intuiting

Question 22

Qualitative Study Types: Descriptive Phenomenology

_______ involves extracting significant statements, categorizing, and making sense of essential meanings.

Answer 22

STEP 3:

Analysis

Question 23

__________ involves understanding and defining the phenomenon.

Answer 23

STEP 4:

Describing

Question 24

Qualitative Study Types:
__________ phenomenology focuses on interpreting and understanding the human experience.

What is this also known as? (fancy shmancy word)

Who founded this study type?

Answer 24

Interpretive

Hermeneutics is the art and philosophy and interpreting the meaning of an objective such as a test or work.

Heidegger is the founder

Question 25

Qualitative Study Types: Interpretive Phenomenology

Which one of the 4 phases (used in Descriptive Phenomenology) isn’t used in this type?

Answer 25

Bracketing

process of identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about phenomenon under study

Question 26

Qualitative Study Types: Interpretive Phenomenology
What is the primary dorm of data collection?

What other sources may be used?

Answer 26

In-depth interviews

Other sources such as novels, or poetry during the conversation or afterward with analysis.

Question 27

Qualitative Study Types: Descriptive vs Interpretive
Words to distinguish a Descriptive Phenomenology study? (4)

What names might be mentioned? (3)

Answer 27

words like:
Bracketing, description, essence, and Husserl.

The names Colaizzi, Van Kaam, or Giorgi may be mentioned (people who devised methods to conduct a descriptive phenomenological study).

Question 28

Qualitative Study Types: Descriptive vs Interpretive
Words to distinguish an Interpretive Phenomenology study? (4)

What names might be mentioned? (2)

Answer 28

words like:
Being-in-the-world, hermeneutics, understand, and Heidigger.
Names such as van Manen or Benner may appear in the method section.

Question 29

Qualitative Study Types:
________ _____ which focuses on the manner in which people make sense of social interactions, aka _______.

Which two individuals developed this?

Answer 29

Grounded theory; aka BEHAVIOR

Developed by Glaser and Strauss, whose theoretical roots were in symbolic interaction.

Question 30

Qualitative Study Types: Grounded Theory

Behavior is geared towards resolving a main problem, known as a ____ _________.

Answer 30

Core variable

Question 31

Qualitative Study Types: Grounded Theory

The _____ ______ process is one type of core variable, which explains the process of resolving the problem.

Answer 31

basic social process

Question 32

Qualitative Study Types: Grounded Theory

Related to study methods, several sections occur together. What are they? (3)

Answer 32

All three occur simultaneously:

1) Data collection
2) data analysis
3) sampling of participants

Question 33

Qualitative Study Types: Grounded Theory

Generally, the sample size involves ____ (#?), and the data is collected through ______ ________ and ______ ___________.

Answer 33

20-30 people

Data is collected through in-depth interviews and participant observation

Question 34

Qualitative Study Types: Grounded Theory

How is the data developed and refined for theoretically relevant concepts and categories?

Answer 34

Constant comparison

The concepts obtained from data are compared with earlier data to identify commonalities and variations.

Question 35

Qualitative Study Types: Grounded Theory
Who broke away (Glaser or Strauss) and teamed up with a nurse researcher named Corbin to develop an Alternative Theory that focuses on ______________?

Answer 35

Strauss teamed up with Corbin
An Alternative Theory that focuses on
the full range of behavior of what is occurring

Question 36

Name the 5 other Qualitative study types mentioned?

Answer 36

1) Historical Research
2) Case Studies
3) Narrative Analyses
4) Descriptive Qualitative Studies
5) Ideological Perspective

Question 37

Other Qualitative Study Types
If an article identifies itself as a qualitative study but doesn’t fit a particular design, it is called a ________ qualitative study.

Answer 37

Descriptive

Question 38

Other Qualitative Study Types:
_______ _______ is the systematic collection and critical evaluation of data relating to past occurrences.

What data sources may be used?

Answer 38

Historical Research

It is a retrospective review of past written records, diaries, letters, newspapers, medical documents, and so forth.

Question 39

Other Qualitative Study Types:
____ _______ focus on an entity which can be an individual, an institution, or other social units. The entity is considered the center stage and the study does an in-depth exploration.

1 Advantage?

3 Disadvantages?

Answer 39

Case Studies

Advantage:
Case studies provide a wealth of information

Disadvantages:

1) Take considerable time
2) Can have bias
3) Lack the ability to be generalizable.

Question 40

Other Qualitative Study Types:
________ ______ focuses on the story that can be used to understand specific events and situations that require linking an inner world of needs to an external world of observable actions.

Answer 40

Narrative analyses

Question 41

Other Qualitative Study Types:

What are the 3 Types of Ideological Perspective studies?

Answer 41

1) Critical Theory
2) Feminist Research
3) Participatory Action Research

“In an ideal world, we wouldn’t be “Critical” of women, but be “Feminists” that “Participate” in “Action.”

Question 42

Other Qualitative Study Types: Ideological Perspective

_______ _______ is similar to critical theory with a focus on gender discrimination within patriarchal societies.

Answer 42

Feminist research

Question 43

Other Qualitative Study Types: Ideological Perspective
_______ _____ leads to critical ethnography which focuses on raising consciousness in the hope of effecting social change with the goal of undermining oppressive systems.

Answer 43

Critical Theory

“Critical race theory”

Question 44

Other Qualitative Study Types: Ideological Perspective
________ ______ ________ works with vulnerable groups to produce knowledge about a problem, actions to be taken, empowerment, and consciousness-raising.

Answer 44

Participatory Action Research