Chapter 13: Mixed Methods and Other Special Types of Research Flashcards
Mixed-methods research is the combination of _________ and _________ study elements in a single published research study.
quantitative and qualitative
The idea is that the topic requires both types of research to effectively study it–Pragmatism
Mixed-methods research:
Three general reasons to use both qualitative and quantitative studies:
1- Complementarity: each approach complements each other and using both types of research mitigates the limitations from a single study type
2- Practicality: for complex issues, it is practical to use multiple tools to best address the phenomena of interest
3- Enhanced validity: more data sources that support a hypothesis make the hypothesis stronger.
Mixed-methods research can be used when there are two research questions. Give some examples:
when a concept is new and qualitative exploration is needed, a single approach is not sufficient to explore the concept; the findings can be enhanced with concurrent data from a second study
Qualitative results can help explain the quantitative results, both types of data are required to support the perspective, and multiple project phases are needed to address the issue.
Those reasons are similar and not 6 distinct reasons.
Mixed-methods Research Types: (5)
1) Concurrent
2) Sequential
3) Convergent
4) Explanatory
5) Exploratory
______ designs have both quantitative and qualitative studies occurring at the same time.
What Symbol indicates this type of method?
Concurrent
A “+” symbol
Ex: QUAL + quan
_______ designs clearly have one study type finish before the second happens, or they occur in phases.
What Symbol indicates this type of method?
Sequential
A “–>” symbol indicates a second phase
Ex: QUAN –> qual (quantitative study = 1st phase)
Mixed-methods Research:
Uppercase letters versus Lowercase letters:
(Ex: QUAN/qual)
Uppercase letters include the weight of the study type in the research project.
Lowercase letters mean it is less significant
-QUAN in capital letters means the quantitative method is significant.
What is both QUAN/QUAL are Uppercase letters?
If both QUAN and QUAL are capitalized, then both types are of equal weight.
________ designs obtain different complementary data about a phenomenon.
The goal is to…..?
Concurrent or Sequential? Weighted?
Convergent
The goal is to converge on the truth.
Concurrent and have EQUAL weight applied to both types.
Ex: QUAL + QUAN
_______ designs are sequential designs where quantitative data is collected first. The qualitative study data is used to explain the results from the quantitative study.
Explanatory
QUAN -> qual OR quan -> QUAL
_______ designs are sequential designs where qualitative data is collected first. The quantitative study is used to explore the results from the qualitative study.
Exploratory
QUAL -> quan OR qual -> QUAN
Mixed-methods Research: Sampling
The sample for a mixed-methods study can begin with a ____ (small/large?) sample based on the quantitative study. The sample for the qualitative study can be tested, or a ______ (small/large?) from the sample used in the quantitative study.
large
Small subset
Mixed-methods Research: Data Collection
Depends on….
The study type
An RCT could collect data with biophysiological measures of patients trialing a new medication for a condition.
A Phenomenological approach could collect data through semi-structured interviews with a small sample of the population to explore the patient’s lived experiences with the condition.
Mixed-methods Research: Intervention Research
______ ______ test clinical interventions.
Example?
Clinical trials
Clinical trials are commonly used for approving medications for use.
Mixed-methods Research: Intervention Research
4 Phases of Clinical Trials:
What’s the most common quantitative research type used?
Phase I: establishes safety, tolerance, and dose with a simple design. Focus –> developing the best treatment
Phase II: pilot test of treatment effectiveness. Researchers see if the intervention is feasible and acceptable. Designed as a small-scale experiment.
Phase III: RCT, when the intervention is tested against usual care to determine if it improves. RCT is the most often discussed version of a clinical trial in research.
Phase IV: studies of the effectiveness in the general population without the control or artificial conditions provided by an RCT.
Mixed-methods Research: Intervention Research
________ _______ focuses on developing useful information about a program or policy.
Evaluation research
Mixed-methods Research: Intervention Research
Name the 2 Types of Evaluation Research Types:
1) Process analysis
2) Economic analysis
Mixed-methods Research: Evaluation Research
A(n) _______ or cost analysis seeks to determine if an intervention is financially feasible.
What’s the purpose?
economic analysis
This type of research, in general, doesn’t seek to increase the body of research knowledge, but rather affirm or approve a potential quality improvement initiative, making it considered non-research-based.
Mixed-methods Research: Evaluation Research
A _______ analysis seeks to understand what is the treatment, how is it different from traditional practices, what are the barriers to implementation, how do staff and patients feel about it, and in general how it functions.
Primarily uses _____ (quantitative/qualitative?) data.
process analysis
uses mostly qualitative data.
Mixed-methods Research:
______ _________ research involves the use of complex interventions rather than the single intervention seen in a clinical trial, but essentially has the same phases.
Nursing intervention research
Mixed-methods Research: Nursing intervention research
An _______ theory is used to clearly state what must be done to achieve the desired outcome.
What does it include/identify?
A _____-based approach
An intervention theory
It identifies and includes key stakeholders in the study.
A Team-based approach
What’s the difference between Clinical Trials and Nursing Intervention Research?
Nursing Intervention research is more extensive than a clinical trial, and much less present in literature.
Mixed-methods Research: Other
Name 3 Other mixed-method studies
1) Health Services Research
2) Survey Research
3) Quality Improvement Studies
Mixed-methods Research: Other
_____ _______ Research examines how organizational structures and processes, health technologies, social factors, and personal behaviors affect access to health care, the cost and quality of health care, and people’s health and well-being.
Health Services Research
Subtype of Health Services Research:
What is it?
Outcomes Research
Outcomes research focuses on examining the effect of healthcare on the outcome of patients.
It can be difficult to identify the quality of nursing care for an individual unit in a hospital versus the rated quality of the hospital as a whole.
In order to help with this, ________-_________ indicators or _______-______ indicators are used.
nursing-sensitive indicators
nursing-quality indicators
Why are Nursing-sensitive/quality Indicators important?
Research has proven that increasing the quantity or quality of nursing care leads to an improvement in the indicator demonstrating that nursing quality of care has increased.
Mixed-methods Research: Other
______ Research obtains quantitative information about variables in a population, one that is usually from a nonclinical population.
How is data collected?
Survey
Data is generally collected through interviews and questionnaires.
The information is generally superficial in nature. Surveys are flexible and offer a broad scope.
Mixed-methods Research: Other
______ ________ studies seek to improve practices and processes within a specific organization, NOT to generate knowledge that can be generalized beyond the organization.
Quality Improvement
QI studies follow the ______ process.
Plan, Do, Study, Act process (PDSA)
Mixed-methods Research: QI Studies P = D = S = A =
PLAN a change and develop a test or observation, including a plan for data collection.
DO: Try out the change on a small scale
STUDY: Review and analyze the data, study the results, and identify what has been learned.
ACT: Refine the change and take action based on the lessons learned from the test.
