Chapter 77 - Intubation and Tracheotomy Flashcards

1
Q

how to estimate ET tube size in kids ages 1-12

A

Age/4 + 3 if cuffed

Age/4 + 4 if uncuffed

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2
Q

mortality rate of trachea-innominate fistula

A

73%

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3
Q

Which trach incision can be used in kids to decrease risk of subglottic stenosis: horizontal or vertical?

A

vertical

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4
Q

which H/N location absorbs the greatest amount of cocaine?

A

trachea

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5
Q

Which cuff pressure will compromise capillary blood flow to the trachea?

A

34 cm H2O

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6
Q

How to treat airway fire

A

Turn off O2 - Saline - remove tube - reintubate - IV steroids/ABx - bronch to remove charred tissue - delayed extubation

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7
Q

ET tube size for neonate

A

2.5-3

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8
Q

tube size for 1-6 mo and 6-12 mo

A

3-3.5

3.5-4

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9
Q

tube size for toddler

A

4-5

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10
Q

tube size for adult female

A

6-7

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11
Q

tube size for adult male

A

7-8

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12
Q

Describe Cormack-Lehane airway grades

A

I- entire glottis
II- partial glottis
III- epiglottis only
IV- can’t see epiglottis

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13
Q

Blockage at what part of the airway would produce stertor

A

OP/NP

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14
Q

Use of heliox with airway obstruction

A

21:79 O2:He
less dense –> can get higher flow rate –> less turbulent flow means more air to distal lungs –> also decreases pressure gradient needed to move air across obstruction
Helium is inert, insoluble

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15
Q

how do IV steroids decrease airway inflammation/edema

A

reduced capillary dilation
decreased plasma extravastation
decreased inflammation

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16
Q

Indications for fiberoptic intubation

A

h/o prior difficult intubation requiring fiberoptic
micrognathia
C-spine issue (unstable, fused disk)
facial trauma
obstruction above glottis
need awake intubation (cannot mask ventilate)
trismus

17
Q

Why place trach tube between second and third tracheal rings

A

higher: erode or fracture cricoid cartilage –> subglot sten
lower: risk to innominate artery

18
Q

where to make skin incision for trach

A

two fingerbreadths above sternal notch

19
Q

Steps to cricothyroidotomy

A
find CTM (1cm tall)
vertical skin incision
horizontal CTM incision
retract wound open
pass tube
20
Q

can you do a cricothyroidotomy in young patients?

A

infants and young children do not have a CTM – they need emergent tracheotomy

21
Q

how to treat subcutaneous emphysema after trach

A

cut sutures, inflate cuff

stat CXR to evaluate cause

22
Q

factors contributing to TI fistula

A

overinflated cuff
poorly fit tube
poor wound healing

TI fistula occurs with erosion of trach tube through tracheal wall into innominate

23
Q

how to treat urgent post-trach bleed

A

inflate cuff
if uncuffed, insert 6.0 cuffed and inflate
if innominate artery bleed, stick finger in, compress innominate between finger and sternum –> OR

24
Q

when to use Bjork flap

A

if going to have trach long term
helps you keep a patent stoma if accidental decannulation
increases risk of tracheocutaneous fistula after decannulation

25
Q

theoretically can trach tubes increase aspiration risk?

A

possibly, due to decreased hyolaryngeal elevation

26
Q

when to use cuffed trach tube

A

if need positive airway pressure to ventilate

to slow aspiration

27
Q

risks/benefits of percutaneous trach

A

risks: blunt objects –> crush tracheal rings –> stenosis/malacia; transect high-riding innominate
benefits: shorter, cost-effective, similar long term complications

Perc uses dilational/Seldinger technique