Chapter 7.5 Flashcards by Liz Aguiar

26 vertebrae and their regions

7 cervical vertebrae in neck region
12 thoracic posterior to thoracic cavity
5 lumbar supporting lower back
1 sacrum consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae
1 coccyx consisting of four fused coccygeal vertebrae

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Normal curves

Four slight bends of vertebral column

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Convex curves of spine

Cervical and lumbar curves

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Concave curves

Thoracic and sacral curves

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Function of normal curves

Increase strength
Maintain balance
Absorb shock
Protect vertebrae from fracture

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Invertebral discs

Found between bodies of adjacent vertebrae from second cervical vertebra to sacrum

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Annulus fibrosus

Fibrous ring of invertebral discs consisting of fibrocartilage

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Nucleus pulposus

Inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic substance
Inside invertebral discs

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Functions of invertebral discs

Form strong joints
Permit various movement
Absorb vertical shock

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Vertebral body

Thick, disc shaped anterior portion
Superior and inferior surface is roughened for attachment
Anterior and lateral contain foramina

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Vertebral arch

Formed by pedicles that unite with flat Lamina
Extends posteriorly

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Vertebral foramen

Formed by vertebral body and vertebral arch surrounding the spinal cord
Contains spinal cord, adipose tissue, areolar connective tissues and blood vessels

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Vertebral canal

Formed by all the foramina of all the vertebrae

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Pedicles

Two short processes that project posteriorly to vertebral body
Has vertebral notches

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Invertebral foramen

Vertebral notches stacked on top of one another form an opening
Permits single spine nerve

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Seven processes

2 Transverse
Spinous
2 superior articular
2 inferior articular

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Transverse process

Where lamina and pedicles join

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Spinous process

Projects posteriorly from junction of laminar

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Superior articular processes

Articulate with the two inferior articular processes of the vertebra above them

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Inferior articular processes

Articulate with two superior articular processes of the vertebra below them

Vertebral regions

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

Cervical vertebra

Smaller than all except coccyx
Large vertebral arches

Three foramina of cervical vertebrae

One vertebral foramen and two transverse foramina

Vertebral foramina of cervical vertebrae

Largest in spinal cord because they house cervical enlargements of spinal cord

Atlas

C1 Ring of bone Superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyles to form paired atlanto occipital joints

Axis

C2 Has vertebral body unlike c1 Has dens or odontoid process that projects through anterior portion of atlas and allows for head movement

Thoracic vertebrae

Larger and stronger than cervical Articulate with ribs except T11 and 12

Costal facets

Articular surfaces for the ribs present on thoracic vertebra Articulate with tubercles of ribs

Facet

Articulating bodies of vertebral bodies Form when head of rib articulated with body of one vertebra

Demifacet

Articular surface vertebral bodies Formed when head of articulates with two adjacent vertebral bodies

Vertebrocostal joints

Articulations between thoracic vertebra and ribs

Lumbar vertebrae

Largest and strongest of unfused bones

Sacrum

Triangular bone formed by union of 5 sacral vertebrae Strong foundation for pelvic girdle

Sacral promontory

Anteriorly projecting border of the base One point used for measurement of the pelvis

Sacroiliac joint

Formed by the Lateral surface of sacrum’s auricular surface that articulates with ilium of each hip bone

Lumbosacral joint

Formed by the base of the sacrum articulating with the body of the 5th lumbar vertebrae

Coccyx

Triangular shaped Fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae

Thorax

Entire chest region

Thoracic cage

Skeletal part of the thoracic is a bony enclosure formed by sternum, ribs and their costal cartilage and bodies of thoracic vertebrae

Sternum

Breast bone Located at center of anterior thoracic walls

Three parts of the sternum

Manubrium Body-largest part Xiphoid -smallest part

Sternal angle

Formed by junction of manubrium and body

Suprasternal notch

Depression on superior surface of manubrium

Sternoclavicular joints

Formed by clavicular notches articulating with medial ends if clavicles

Ribs

12 pairs Give structural support to sides of thoracic cavity

Costal cartilage

Hyaline cartilage that directly connects the first 7 pairs of ribs to sternum

Sternocostal joints

Formed by articulation between true ribs and sternum

Vertebrochondral ribs

The 8,9 and 10th pairs have their cartilage attached which then attaches to the 7th pair of ribs

Floating ribs

11th and 12th pair of ribs Costal cartilage does not connect to sternum at all