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Anatomy And Phys > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Bone

A

Organ made of osseous tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue and nervous tissue

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2
Q

Skeletal system

A

Framework of bones and their cartilage

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3
Q

Function of skeletal system

A

Support
Protection
Assistance in moving
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage

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4
Q

Diaphysis

A

Bone’s shaft/body
Long cylindrical main portion of bone

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5
Q

Epiphyses

A

Proximal and distal ends of the bone

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6
Q

Metaphyses

A

Region between diaphysis and epiphysis

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7
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

In metaphyses of growing bone
Layer of hyaline cartilage that allows for diaphysis to grow in length

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8
Q

Epiphyseal Line

A

Replaces Epiphyseal plate when bone stops growing

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9
Q

Articulate cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyalin cartilage covering parts of epiphyses where bones form joints

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10
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough connective tissue sheath and associated blood supply cover wherever articulat cartilage isn’t

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11
Q

Periosteum outer fibrous layer

A

Made up of dense irregular connective tissue

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12
Q

Periosteum osteogenic layer

A

Consists of cells that allow for growth in width of bone

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13
Q

Function of periosteum

A

Protects bone
Assists in fracture repair
Nourish bone tissue
Attachment points for ligaments and tendons

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14
Q

Perforating fibers(Sharpey’s fibers)

A

Attaches periosteum to underlying bone

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15
Q

Medullary Cavity (Marrow Cavity)

A

Hollow, cylindrical space writhing diaphysis, has yellow bone marrow and blood vessels

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16
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane made of a single layer of bone forming cells and a small amount of connective tissues.
Line the medullary cavity

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17
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Made up of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide
Bone strength and regen

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18
Q

Calcification

A

Crystals form from mineral salt deposits in framework of collagen fibers of extracellular matrix hardens the tissue
Initiated by osteoblasts

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19
Q

4 types of cells in bone tissue

A

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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20
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

Unspecialized bone stem cells from mesenchyme
Only cells that undergo cell division

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21
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells
Synthesizes and secretes collagen fibers and other substances to build extracellular matrix

22
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells
Maintain metabolism by exchanging nutrients and waste
No cell division

23
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Huge cell formed by fusion of many monocytes
Located in endosteum
Part of bone resorption

24
Q

Compact bone

A

Strongest form of bone tissue
Made up of Osteons
Protection, support and resisting stress of weight and movement

25
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Area between neighbouring osteons
Fragments of older osteons that were partially destroyed during bone building or remodelling

26
Q

Interrosteonice canal

A

Where blood vessels and nerves from periosteum penetrate compact bone
Connect medullary cavity, periosteum and central canal

27
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Lamellae arranged around outer and inner circumference of shaft of long bone

28
Q

External circumferential lamellae

A

Deep to periosteum
Connects periosteum and perforating fibers

29
Q

Internal circumferential lamellae

A

Circumferential lamellae that line medullary cavity

30
Q

Spongy bone tissue

A

Located in interior of bone and protected by layer of compact bone
Make up interior of short, flat, sesamoid and irregular shaped bones

31
Q

Trabecula

A

Lamellae arranged in irregular pattern of thin columns
Orient along stress lines

32
Q

Hemopoiesis in adults

A

Only places where red blood cells are produced in adults
Hips, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, proximal end of humerus, femur
=Sites where red bone marrow is stored

33
Q

Ossification

A

Process by which bone is made

34
Q

Initial bone formation in Embryo and Fetus

A

Embryonic skeleton composed of mesenchyme

35
Q

Intramembraneous ossification

A

Bone forms directly inside mesenchyme
Assembled in sheets and resembles membrane

36
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Bone forms within hyalin cartilage and develops from mesenchyme

37
Q

Intramembranous Steps

A

Development of ossification centre
Calcification
Formation of trabeculae
Development of periosteum

38
Q

Steps of Endochondral Ossification

A

Development of cartilage model
Growth of cartilage model
Development of primary ossification center
Development of secondary ossification centre
Formation of articulation cartilage and Epiphyseal plate

39
Q

4 zones of Epiphyseal plate

A

Zone of resting cartilage
Zone of proliferation cartilage
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
Zone of calcified cartilage

40
Q

Zone of resting cartilage

A

Layer closest to epiphysis
Cells do not function in bone growth, they anchor Epiphyseal plate to epiphysis

41
Q

Zone of proliferating cartilage

A

Chondrocytes arranged in stacks of coins
Undergo interstitial growth as they divide and secrete extracellular matrix

42
Q

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

A

Consists of large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns

43
Q

Zone of calcified chondrocytes

A

Final zone
Mostly dead chondrocytes
Osteoblasts enter from area cleared by osteoclasts and lay down extracellular matrix and replacing calcified cartilage

44
Q

Remodelling of bone

A

Ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

45
Q

Bone deposition

A

Addition of minerals and collagen fibers by osteoblasts

46
Q

Factors affecting bone growth and remodelling

A

Minerals
Vitamins
Hormones

47
Q

Insulin-like growth factor

A

Hormone in childhood
Stimulates osteoblasts, promotes cell division at Epiphyseal plate and in periosteum and enhances synthesis of proteins needed to build new bone

48
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4
Promote growth by stimulating osteoblasts

49
Q

Insulin

A

Promotes growth by increasing synthesis of bone proteins

50
Q

Sex hormones

A

Estrogen and androgens
Increase osteoblasts activity, synthesis of extracellular matrix
Shut down Epiphyseal plate

51
Q

Sex hormones in adulthood

A

Contribute of bone remodelling by slowing resorption of old bone and promoting deposition of new

Anatomy And Phys (12 decks)

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