Acid Base Homo

Question 1

Hypochloremia

Answer 1

Sodium deficiency
Decrease in na intake, loss, vomiting, diarrhea, aldosterone deficiency or certain diuretic, excessive water intake
Symptoms
Muscular weakness, dizziness, headache and hypotension, tachycardia, shock, mental confusion, stupor and coma

Question 2

Hypernatremia

Answer 2

Excess na
Dehydration, water deprivation or excess na in diet or intravenous fluids
Causes hypertonicity of ecf-cellular dehydration
Signs and symptoms
Intense thirst, hypertension, edema, agitation and convulsion

Question 3

Hypothermia

Answer 3

Excess cl
Vomitting, over hydration, aldosterone deficiency, congestive heart failure and certain diuretic
S&s
Muscle spasms, metabolic alkalosis, shallow respiration, hypotension and tetany

Question 4

Hyperchloremia

Answer 4

Excess cl
Dehydration by water loss/ deprivation, excessive cl intake, severe renal failure, hyperaldosteronism, certain acidosis and some drugs
S&s
Lethargy, weakness, metabolic acidosis and rapid, deep breathing

Question 5

Hypokalemia

Answer 5

Deficiency K
Excessive loss due to vomiting/diarrhea, decrease K intake, hyperaldosteronism, kidney disease and therapy with some diuretics
S&s
Muscle fatigue, flaccid paralysis, mental confusion, increase urine output, shallow respiration, and change in ecg

Question 6

Hyperkalemia

Answer 6

Excess K
Excessive k intake, renal failure, aldosterone deficiency, crushing injuries to body tissue or transfusion of hemolyzed blood
S&s
Irritability, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscular weakness, death by ventricular fibrillation

Question 7

Hypocalcemia

Answer 7

Deficiency ca
Increase ca loss, reduced intake, elevated phosphate level or hypoparathyroidism
S&s
Numbness and tingling in fingers, hyperactive reflexes, muscle cramps, tetany and convulsion, bone fractures, spasms of laryngeal muscles that can cause death by asphyxiation

Question 8

Hypercalcemia

Answer 8

Excess ca
Hyperparathyroidism, some cancers, excessive intake of vitamin D and Paget’s disease of bone
S&s
Lethargy, weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, polyuria, itching, bone pain, depression, confusion, paresthesia, stupor and coma

Question 9

Hypophosphatemia

Answer 9

Deficiency of phosphate
Increase urinary loss, decrease intestinal absorption or increase utilization
S&s
Confusion, seizure, coma, chest and muscle pain, numbness and tingling on fingers, decrease coordination, memory loss and lethargy

Question 10

Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 10

Excess phosphate
Kidneys fail to excrete phosphate as in renal failure, increase intake of phosphate or destruction of body cells
S&s
Anorexia, vomiting, nausea, muscular weakness, hyperactive reflexes, tetany and tachycardia

Question 11

Hypomagnesmia

Answer 11

Deficiency mg
Inadequate intake or excessive loss in Urine or feces, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus and diuretic therapy
S&s
Weakness, irritability, tetany, delirium, convulsion, confusion, anorexia, nausea, vomitting, parathesis and cardiac arrhythmias

Question 12

Hypermagnesemia

Answer 12

Excess mg
Renal failure or due to increase intake, aldosterone deficiency and hypothyroidism
S&s
Hypotension, muscular weakness or paralysis, nausea, vomiting and altered mental functioning